CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. 1 Welcome to Unit 9!! Unit 9

Unit 8 Recap Graded items: 1.Discussion Board 2.Seminar 3.Quiz CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. 2

UNIT 9 Prisons & Jails In this unit, we will examine Prisons & Jails within the U.S. Justice System for: Their historical development The function of today’s prisons Privately run prisons The reality of prison life & subcultures within The major problems that face prisons today Graded Assignments this week include: 1.Final Essay 2.Wednesday Seminar 9:00 PM ET

Unit 9 Final Essay Paper The US correctional system can serve two specific functions in relation to criminal offenders. First, it can serve as a tool for punishing the offender and making the offender pay for his/her crimes. Second, it can serve as a means to rehabilitating the offender and preparing him/her for successful reentry into society. CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. 4

Unit 9 paper cont. Assignment Write a 3-page paper that answers all 3 of the following questions: 1.How does our correctional system punish offenders? 2.How does our correctional system rehabilitate offenders? 3.Which method is more effective in reducing crime, punishment or rehabilitation? Explain your choice. Review: Docsharing, “Student Writing guide, School of Criminal Justice” CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. 5

Unit 9 Resources You are required to use at least 3 references for this paper. One reference can be your text from this class and the other reference at least one from the Kaplan library (NO WIKIPEDIA). Be sure to list your sources on your reference page, APA format (check Kaplan writing center). CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. 6

Unit 9 paper cont. Your paper must follow this format: (see directions for submitting assignment Unit 9 Final Essay) Page 1 – Cover page Pages 2, 3 and 4 – Body of text Page 5 – Reference page Please remember to write a full 3 pages for your body of text. Your paper should be written in Times New Roman size 12 font and double spaced. CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. 7

Unit 10 CJ 101 Wrap Up This unit concludes CJ 101. During this week I will be grading your work. Please take a little time to reflect on what you have learned from the course and how well you have progressed toward the outcome of the course. Graded Assignment: 1.Unit 10 Quiz

Contact Information. Facebook: Jack Gibbons (Chicago area) Cell CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. 9

CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. 10 Prisons  A prison is a state or federal confinement facility that has custodial authority over adults sentenced to confinement.  The use of prisons as a place to serve punishment is a relatively new way to handle offenders.

CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. 11 Early Punishments  Were often cruel and torturous:  Generally fit the doctrine of lex talionis:  Law of retaliation  “An eye for an eye”  What types of punishment were used?

CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. 12 Early Punishments  Types of early punishments:  Flogging  Mutilation  Branding  Public humiliation  Workhouses  Exile

CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. 13

CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. 14 The Penitentiary Era  Philadelphia Penitentiary begun by Quakers for humane treatment of offenders.  Rehabilitation through penance (solitary confinement and Bible study).  Known as the “Pennsylvania System.”

Eastern State Penitentiary Philadelphia, Pa. CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. 15

CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. 16 The Mass Prison Era  Auburn Prison (New York) featured group workshops and silence enforced by whipping and hard labor.  This Auburn System was the primary competitor to the Pennsylvania System.

CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. 17 The Reformatory Era  Based on the use of the indeterminate sentence.  Believed in the possibility of rehabilitation, especially for youthful offenders.  Elmira Reformatory attempted reform rather than punishment.  A system of graded stages in educational, behavioral and other goals gave way to the system of “parole.”  Ultimately considered a failure, since recidivism was still a problem.

CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. 18 The Industrial Era  Prisoners used for cheap labor.  Industrial production in the North; agriculture in the South.  Six systems of inmate labor: contract system, piece-price system, lease system, public account system, state-use system, and public works system.  Labor unions complained that they could not compete.  The passage of the Hawes-Cooper Act and Ashurst-Sumners Act limited inmate labor.  Some prison industries exist today.

CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. 19 The Punitive Era  Characterized by belief that prisoners owed a debt to society.  Custody and institutional security the central values.  Few innovations.

CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. 20 The Treatment Era  Medical model suggested inmates were sick and needed treatment.  Most treatments include individual or group therapy.  Other forms of therapy include: Behavior therapy Chemotherapy Neurosurgery Sensory deprivation Aversion therapy

CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. 21 The Community-Based Era  Based on premise that rehabilitation cannot occur in isolation from the real world.  Prisons considered dehumanizing.  Led to innovations in the use of volunteers and the extension of inmate privileges.  Programs include: Half-way houses Work-release Study-release

CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. 22 The Warehousing Era  Public and judicial disapproval of release programs and recidivism led to longer sentences with fewer releases.  Nothing works doctrine.  Prison overcrowding became widespread.  Greater emphasis on incarcerating non-violent drug offenders.

CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. 23 U.S. Prison Population: Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics

CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. 24 The “Just Deserts” Era present  Based on the justice model.  Emphasis on individual responsibility and punishment.  Imprisonment is a proper consequence of criminal and irresponsible behavior.  Chain gangs, “three-strikes,” and reduced parole.

CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. 25 Prisons Today: Numbers and Types of Prisons Approximately  1,325 state prisons  84 federal prisons  482 state and federal prisoners per 100,000 population On January 1, 2004, state and federal prisons held 1,461,191 inmates. Slightly more than 6.9% of those imprisoned were women.

CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. 26 Prisons Today: Sentences In state prisons:  49% are violent criminals  19% are property criminals  20% drug law violators In federal prisons:  61% are drug law violators

CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. 27 There are three security levels: 1. Maximum 2. Medium 3. Minimum Security Levels in State Prison Systems

CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. 28 Most maximum security institutions tend to be massive old buildings with a large inmate population, including all death row inmates. They provide a high level of security with:  High fences/walls of concrete  Several barriers between living area  Secure cells  Armed guards  Gun towers Maximum Security

Pelican Bay State Prison CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. 29

CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. 30 Medium security prisons are similar in design to maximum security facilities; however, they:  Usually have more windows.  Tend to have barbed wire fences instead of large stone walls.  Sometimes use dormitory style housing. Medium Security

CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. 31 Medium security prisons allow prisoners more freedom, such as:  Associating with other prisoners  Going to the prison yard or exercise room  Visiting the library  Showering and using bathroom facilities with less supervision An important security tool is the count.  The process of counting inmates during the course of a day.  Times are random, and all business stops until the count is verified. Medium Security

CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. 32 In minimum security prisons:  Housing tends to be dormitory style.  Prisoners usually have freedom of movement within the facility.  Work is done under general supervision only.  Guards are unarmed, and gun towers do not exist.  Fences, if they exist, are low and sometimes unlocked.  “Counts” are usually not taken.  Prisoners are sometimes allowed to wear their own clothes. Minimum Security

Justice Center LeobenJustice Center Leoben, Australia CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. 33

CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. 34 Classification systems determine which custody level to assign an inmate to. Assignments are based on:  Offense history  Assessed dangerousness  Perceived risk of escape  Other factors Inmates may move among the security levels depending on their behavior. Internal classification systems determine placement and program assignment within an institution. Prison Classification System