Oct, Zuliana Ismail 1 AVIATION HISTORY WEEK 15 AIRLINERS & SPACE EXPLORATION

Oct, Zuliana Ismail 2 OBJECTIVES  By end of this section, students will be able to explain:  About Boeing & Airbus aircraft,  Why aircraft made of metal can still fly  Why aluminium is used as aircraft skin.  What are the latest material used for aircraft body.  Reasons why Airliners flying at high altitude

Oct, Zuliana Ismail 3 SESSION 1: AIRLINERS An airliner is a large fixed-wing aircraft for transporting passengers and cargo. They are owned by airlines company

Oct, Zuliana Ismail 4 Types of airliners 1. Wide-body jets: The largest airliners Example: Boeing & 777, Airbus A300/A310, Airbus A330, Airbus A340, Airbus A380(which can hold up to 800 passengers) 2. Narrow-body jets: Smaller airliners, generally used for medium-distance flights with fewer passengers Example: Boeing 717,737 & 757, Airbus A320 family McDonnell Douglas DC-9 & MD-80/MD-90 series, 3. Regional airliners: Seat fewer than 100 passengers, short flights Example:Bombardier CRJ series and ATR 42/72

Oct, Zuliana Ismail 5

Oct, Zuliana Ismail 6 Airliner Manufacturer Country of Origin USA  Boeing  Lockheed Martin Canada  Bombardier Brazil  Embraer  Sukhoi Russia Tupolev Europe  Airbus Industries (France)  ATR (France/Italy)  Fokker (Netherlands)  Saab (Sweden)

Oct, Zuliana Ismail 7 Boeing types of aircraft models include as:  DC3-6, B707 > B717 > B727 > B737 > B747 > B757 > B767 > B777 > MD11 > B787 DC3

Oct, Zuliana Ismail 8 Airbus types of aircraft models include as:  A300 > A320 > A321 > A330 > A340 > A350 > A380 Airbus 330 Airbus 340 Airbus 380

Oct, Zuliana Ismail 9 Airbus vs Boeing What’s the differences ???  Wing  Nose & Main Landing Gears  Engine  Tail Area

Oct, Zuliana Ismail 10 Quick Facts  B747: Among the fastest airliners in service with a high-subsonic cruise speed of Mach 0.85.(567 mph or 913 km/h).  The largest passenger airliner in the world, the A380

Oct, Zuliana Ismail 11 Maximum range and payload of Boeing & Airbus aircrafts  What is Range???  What is Payload???  What is maximum range and payload for Boeing , Boeing , Boeing , Airbus ,Airbus 380????

Oct, Zuliana Ismail 12 Range and Payload Range:  Range means how far can the aircraft fly with a tank of fuel.  Range= Aircraft Distance Payload:  Payload is the carrying capacity of an aircraft.  Payload= Aircraft Weight

Oct, Zuliana Ismail 13 Why aircraft made of metal can still fly? What is metal???

Oct, Zuliana Ismail 14 Definition  Metal: a solid material which is typically hard, shiny, and flexible, with good electrical and thermal conductivity, e.g. iron, copper, and silver.

Oct, Zuliana Ismail 15 Aircraft Material Fuselage skin & Aircraft structures

Oct, Zuliana Ismail 16 Aircraft Material  Aluminum 75% uses on fuselage skin & aircraft structures.  Composite 10% uses on wing & panels.  Steel 9% uses on aircraft components.  Titanium 5% uses on engines.

Oct, Zuliana Ismail 17 Aircraft Material  The main material for most aircraft is aluminum.  Smaller planes are being built more and more of carbon composites and some now are 100% composite.  Even larger planes are being built with a combination of aluminum and composites.  Military aircraft have the widest variety, though. The Sr-71 is primarily titanium, while the MiG-27 and MiG-31 are made of steel and titanium.  Some light aircraft are still built with cloth skin

Oct, Zuliana Ismail 18 Why aluminium is used as aircraft skin.

Oct, Zuliana Ismail 19 Definition What is aluminium??  Aluminium: a strong, light, corrosion-resistant silvery-grey metal.  Why aluminium??? Lightweight and strong. It can hold against great pressure. What are the latest material for aircraft???

Oct, Zuliana Ismail 20

Oct, Zuliana Ismail 21 Latest Material to build Aircraft Composites: a thing made up of several parts or elements.  Composite material includes as:  Fabric glass material  Honey comb  CFRP: Carbon Fabric Reinforced uses at some major structural area

Oct, Zuliana Ismail 22 Advantages of CFRP CFRP: Carbon Fabric Reinforced Plastic  Strong  Light  Anti-corrosion resistance &  Cost effective or cheaper

Oct, Zuliana Ismail 23 Reasons why Airliners flying at high altitude

Oct, Zuliana Ismail 24 Reasons why Airliners flying at high altitude  Saving Fuel: The higher the aircraft altitude the thinner the air, which means the engine takes in less air and thus produces less power. As a result, fuel consumption reduced significantly.  Aircraft can fly faster with less fuel when flying high compared with flying low.  Visibility: The higher the altitude the smoother the air because you're above the turbulence associated with thermals. Thus, the visibility is always better.  Less Traffic: The higher the altitude, the less traffic you'll encounter.

Oct, Zuliana Ismail 25

Oct, Zuliana Ismail 26 SESSION 2 SPACE EXPLORATION Space exploration is the use of astronomy and space technology to explore outer space

Oct, Zuliana Ismail 27 OBJECTIVES  By end of this section, students will be able to explain:  Commercial Space Flight Potential  How Space Exploration Help Mankind  How Rocket Works  Different between Jet Engine and Rocket Engine  Different between Missile and Rocket

Oct, Zuliana Ismail 28 The 11 planets

Oct, Zuliana Ismail 29 How can we go to outer space A space shuttle goes about 17,500 mph to keep its self flying.

Oct, Zuliana Ismail 30

Oct, Zuliana Ismail 31 Rocket Engine  A rocket engine produces thrust by burning a fuel at high pressure and exhausting the gas through a nozzle. The oxygen for combustion is carried with the propulsion system.  High temperatures and pressures is built up, the are used to accelerate the exhaust gases through a rocket nozzle to produce thrust.  The heavier the rocket, the greater thrust needed to get it off the ground.  Newton 3 rd Law: “To every action there is an equal and opposite reaction." 31

Oct, Zuliana Ismail 32 Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin became the first human in space in On July 20, 1969, Astronaut Neil Armstrong took “a giant step for mankind” as he stepped onto the moon.

Oct, Zuliana Ismail 33 Space Exploration The exploration of space began, with the launch of the first artificial satellite, Sputnik 1, which the Soviets sent into orbit in Globally, 43 countries now have their own observing or communication satellites in Earth orbit.

Oct, Zuliana Ismail 34 What is Satellites??

Oct, Zuliana Ismail 35 What is satellites  Satellites are placed in their orbits by rockets  Satellites have many applications including communications, weather observations and military uses.  All satellites use microwaves for sending information.  These waves travel at the speed of light and are able to pass through the Earth’s atmosphere.  On Earth we can receive satellite data through ground station

Oct, Zuliana Ismail 36

Oct, Zuliana Ismail 37 What are the potential for a Commercial Space Flight

Oct, Zuliana Ismail 38 Commercial space exploration  Manufacture of high-value materials in a microgravity environment (ex: medicines for cancer)  The commercial development of industrial production, may appear in the future.  Space tourism

Oct, Zuliana Ismail 39

Oct, Zuliana Ismail 40 How Space Exploration Help Mankind

Oct, Zuliana Ismail 41 Advantages of Space Exploration  Telecommunications via satellites,  Remote sensing of Earth’s surface,  Meteorology (weather)  Navigation,  Position location and timing  military and national security uses.

Oct, Zuliana Ismail 42 Navigation….  GPS requires a minimum of 24 satellites, with four satellites distributed in each of six orbits.  Using 4 satellites, Can know the position or coordinate of the target.

Oct, Zuliana Ismail 43 Differences between a jet engine and rocket engine?

Oct, Zuliana Ismail 44 Jet engine and Rocket engine 1. Jet engine is an engine using jet propulsion for forward thrust Rocket engine is an engine using jet propulsion for upward thrust 2. Jet engines do not have their own source of oxygen. Outside air is sucked into the engine to act as an oxidizer Rockets have their own oxygen source, either a liquid tank, or mixed in with the solid fuel.

Oct, Zuliana Ismail 45 Differences between a missile and rocket?

Oct, Zuliana Ismail 46 Rocket vs Missile  Purpose Rocket mission is to send the satellite to outer space Missile mission is as a weapon to attack high value target.  Guidance Rocket no guidance system Missile has a guidance system