Perceptual Interpretation Module 14 Online link http://mcs.monet.k12.ca.us/schools/TeacherWebsite/7-12/Garber.B/AP%20Psychology/Mod%2014%20Perceptual%20Interpretation/MyersExpPsych7e_IM_Module%2014%20garber%20edits.ppt Module 14 09 24 12

Perception Overview Perceptual Interpretation Sensory Deprivation and Restored Vision Perceptual Adaptation Perceptual Set Module 14 09 24 12

Perceptual Interpretation To what extent to we learn to perceive? Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) maintained that knowledge comes from our inborn ways of organizing sensory experiences. John Locke (1632-1704) argued that we learn to perceive the world through our experiences. How important is experience in shaping our perceptual interpretation? Module 14 09 24 12

Sensory Deprivation & Restored Vision After cataract surgery, adults blind from birth were able to regain sight. These individuals could differentiate figure and ground relationships & color, but unable to recognize by sight things familiar by touch (Von Senden, 1932). Preview Question 18: What does research on sensory restriction and restored vision reveal about the effects of experience on perception? Suggests figure ground relationships & color are innate. Module 14 09 24 12

Facial Recognition After blind adults regained sight, they were able to recognize distinct features, but were unable to recognize faces. Normal observers also show difficulty in facial recognition when the lower half of the pictures are changed. We perceive the same tops differently with different bottoms People deprived of visual experience from birth are more able to recognize the halves as the same…because they have difficulty with whole faces. Example of 43 yo who gained sight at 40…lacked perceptual constancy…people walking away appeared to be shrinking. (Bower 2003) Courtesy of Richard LeGrand Module 14 09 24 12

GW, mona lisa, George bush                                                                               Who are these guys… GW, mona lisa, George bush Module 14 09 24 12

Face schemas are accentuated by specific features on the face. Features on a Face Face schemas are accentuated by specific features on the face. Students recognized a caricature of Arnold Schwarzenegger faster than his actual photo. Module 14 09 24 12 7

Eyes and mouth play a dominant role in face recognition. Eye & Mouth Eyes and mouth play a dominant role in face recognition. Portrait artists understood the importance of this recognition and therefore centered an eye in their paintings. Courtesy of Christopher Tyler Module 14 09 24 12 8

Gore or Clinton? Module 14 09 24 12

Mona Lisa Module 14 09 24 12

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Madonna Figure 6.24 Face schemas Myers: Psychology, Eighth Edition Copyright © 2007 by Worth Publishers Module 14 09 24 12 12

All have the same face So what's wrong? Well, for one thing, the members of this track team all have the same face. Unless we are paying close attention to facial features, hair plays a big part in forming an image of individuals. http://www.exploratorium.edu/exhibits/wig/whatswrong.html Module 14 09 24 12

Sensory Deprivation Experiments with cats and monkeys Without proper stimulation cortical cells do not develop normal connections This suggests a critical period for visual learning Deprive older people who already have vision, no problem Deprive infants…problems Nurture sculpts what nature has endowed. Kittens raised without exposure to horizontal lines later had difficulty perceiving horizontal bars. Blakemore & Cooper (1970) Module 14 09 24 12

Perceptual Adaptation Preview Question 19: How adaptable is our ability to perceive the world around us? Inversion goggles first used in 1896, the subject was able to adapt in 8 days. Chicks unable to adapt (Hess 1956) Vid clip? Visual ability to adjust to an artificially displaced visual field, e.g., prism glasses. Courtesy of Hubert Dolezal Module 14 09 24 12

Perceptual Set A mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another. What you see in the center picture is influenced by flanking pictures. Preview Question 20: How do our assumptions, expectations, and contexts affect our perceptions? Right half the class should close their eyes and the left half of the class should see the saxophonist for about 20 seconds. Then the left half of the class should close the eyes and the right half should see the woman’s face. All of them should then write their responses while watching the middle picture. Responses are compared to show perceptual set. Animation starts on clicks From Shepard, 1990. Module 14 09 24 12

Perceptual Set Other examples of perceptual set. Our existing schema influence our perceptual set Frank Searle, photo Adams/ Corbis-Sygma Dick Ruhl (a) Loch ness monster or a tree trunk; (b) Flying saucers or clouds? Module 14 09 24 12

Schemas Schemas are concepts that organize and interpret unfamiliar information. What we perceive not only comes from the environment but also from our minds. Schemas or concepts develop through experience. Children's schemas represent reality as well as their abilities to represent what they see. Module 14 09 24 12 18

Context Effects Context can radically alter perception. Eel I son the wagon. Eel is on the orange. Our brains have the ability to work backward (Richard Warren) A later stimulus can determine how we perceive an earlier one. Sad music can affect perception (Halberstadt 1995) Mourning morning Die Dye Pain Payne Gloomy music listening to teens Emotional contexts, spouses who feel loved less stressed by marital events (Murray 2003) Drivers hate pedestrians, pedestrians hate drivers (Jaffe 2004) Is the “magician cabinet” on the floor or hanging from the ceiling? Module 14 09 24 12

Context instilled by culture also alters perception. Cultural Context Context instilled by culture also alters perception. To an East African, the woman sitting is balancing a metal box on her head, while the family is sitting under a tree. Module 14 09 24 12

Some perceptual sets are learned from our cultures. People from noncarpentered cultures, cultures that do not use right angles and corners often in their buildings and architecture are less likely to be fooled by this illusion Module 14 09 24 12

Our brains are miswired http://www.ted.com/talks/al_seckel_says_our_brains_are_mis_wired.html 14:36 Al Seckel, a cognitive neuroscientist, explores the perceptual illusions that fool our brains. Loads of eye tricks help him prove that not only are we easily fooled, we kind of like it. Module 14 09 24 12

Is perception innate or acquired? Both! Perception Revisited Is perception innate or acquired? Both! Module 14 09 24 12

Is There Extrasensory Perception? Perception without sensory input is called extrasensory perception (ESP). 96% of scientists do not believe in ESP. Module 14 09 24 12

Claims of ESP Telepathy: Mind-to-mind communication. One person sending thoughts and the other receiving them. Clairvoyance: Perception of remote events, such as sensing a friend’s house on fire. Precognition: Perceiving future events, such as a political leader’s death. Psychokenesis: Moving things with the mind Module 14 09 24 12

Premonitions or Pretensions? Can psychics see the future? Can psychics aid police in identifying locations of dead bodies? What about psychic predictions of the famous Nostradamus? The answers to these questions is NO! Nostradamus’ predictions are “retrofitted” to events that took place after his predictions. Module 14 09 24 12 26

Putting ESP to Experimental Test In an experiment with 28,000 individuals, Wiseman attempted to prove whether or not one can psychically influence or predict a coin toss. People were able to correctly influence or predict a coin toss 49.8% of the time. Experiment done in Britain Random number generator, 4 chances to call heads/tails 110,972 tosses Module 14 09 24 12 27

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Perception & the Human Factor Human Factor Psychologists design machines that assist our natural perceptions. Their greatest tool is research. Preview Question 3: How do human factors psychologists help create user-friendly technology? Photodisc/ Punchstock Courtesy of General Electric The knobs for the stove burners on the right are easier to understand than those on the left. Module 14 09 24 12

Human Factors & Misperceptions Understanding human factors enables us to design equipment to prevent disasters. Two-thirds of airline crashes caused by human error are largely due to errors of perception. Module 14 09 24 12

Human Factors in Space To combat conditions of monotony, stress, and weightlessness when traveling to Mars, NASA engages Human Factor Psychologists. Transit Habituation (Transhab), NASA Module 14 09 24 12

Autostereogram This image should be viewed by crossing the eyes until the two target circles at the top are seen as three. What you will see is a checkerboard pattern. Why here? Module 14 09 24 12

Stroop Effect Perceptual interference Module 14 09 24 12

ABC123 Module 14 09 24 12

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In black you can read the word GOOD, in white the word EVIL (inside each black letter is a white letter). It's all very physiological too, because it visualizes the concept that good can't exist without evil (or the absence of good is evil ). Module 14 09 24 12

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You may not see it at first, but the white spaces read the word optical, the blue landscape reads the word illusion. Look again! Can you see why this painting is called an optical illusion? Module 14 09 24 12

The word TEACH reflects as LEARN. Module 14 09 24 12

You probably read the word ME in brown, but when you look through ME you will see YOU!   Module 14 09 24 12

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The temporal presentation enhances the well-known afterimage in complementary color. Jeremy Hinton, the ‘inventor’, writes: “The illusion illustrates Troxler fading, complementary colors, negative after-effects, and is capable of showing colors outside the display gamut.” I have been repeatedly asked to explain this in more detail, so here goes: There is something called the “negative retinal afterimage”. It becomes visible when one given hue stays on the same retinal position for several seconds (usually we would move our eyes typically 3 times per second, so this is no disadvantage in normal viewing). The afterimage builds up as that retinal location adapts to this special hue, and when looking at a neutral background the complementary color is seen. This is a good thing, normally, because it helps “color constancy”, that is we see colors somewhat independent of the ambient illumination (compare the bluish glacier noon sun with a reddish tint in the evening living room by the fireside). Ok, so the afterimage is “burnt in”, meaning: that retinal location is adapted. Now the magenta patch is suddenly switched to gray. Because of the adaptation, the complementary color is now seen, which would be green for magenta, or light gray for a dark gray. The retinal afterimage typically fades away rapidly (over a few seconds under normal conditions). But here this fade-out does not reduce the perception of the afterimage, because a new one is uncovered right after at the next location. In addition, a Gestalt effect, here the “phi phenomenon” comes into play: the afterimage from the successive retinal locations is integrated and perceived as one single moving object, namely the green disk. In summary, the following factors make this illusion rather compelling: it is rather easy to steadily fixate on the centre most of the time the retinal locations are re-adapted and the afterimage is uncovered only briefly a Gestalt effect leads to the perception of a flying green disk. Source Jeremy L Hinton (2005-05-22, personal communication, jeremy dot hinton at bigfoot dot com) Robert O’Shea started a pertinent Wikipedia entry http://www.michaelbach.de/ot/col_lilacChaser/index.html If your eyes follow the movement of the rotating pink dot, you will only see one color, pink. If you stare at the black + in the center, the moving dot turns to green. Now, concentrate on the black + in the center of the picture. After a short period of time, all the pink dots will slowly disappear, and you will only see a green dot rotating if you're lucky! It's amazing how our brain works. There really is no green dot, and the pink ones really don‘t disappear. This should be proof enough, we don't always see what we think we see. Vanishing dots http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B3Om2n7bDGk&feature=fvw Module 14 09 24 12

Bent Lines Module 14 09 24 12

More Straight Lines Module 14 09 24 12

Circle & Straight Lines Module 14 09 24 12

Bricks Module 14 09 24 12

Cafe Wall Module 14 09 24 12

Clashing Module 14 09 24 12

Gray Diamonds Module 14 09 24 12

Horizontal Circles Module 14 09 24 12

Moving Arrows Module 14 09 24 12

Shamrocks Module 14 09 24 12

Sausages Module 14 09 24 12

Moving Image Module 14 09 24 12

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Blue Rotational Module 14 09 24 12

Candycane Module 14 09 24 12

Moving or Shimmering Module 14 09 24 12

Blue- Module 14 09 24 12

Circle Spiral Module 14 09 24 12

Circle Spiral The figure, which is known as the Fraser Spiral, is provided by Stanley Coren and his colleagues as another example of the distinction between sensation and perception. Although the figure appears to form a spiral, it is actually a set of concentric circles. Instruct students to place one figure on any line composing the spiral. Then have them place a finger from the other hand beside it and begin tracing the circle while holding their first finger in place. Eventually they will return to the first finger confirming the figure to be a circle. Bloomquist, D. W. (1985). Teaching sensation and perception: Its ambiguous and subliminal aspects. In A. M. Rogers and C. J. Sheirer (Eds.), The G. Stanley Hall lecture series: Volume 5 (pp. 157–203). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. Module 14 09 24 12

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Dot Fades Away Finally, have them stare at the fuzzy-contoured disc on the right in (c). If they keep their eyes very still for about 30 seconds, the disc will disappear. They will find that it is very difficult, if not impossible, to do this with the sharp-contoured disc on the left side of the figure. The explanation for this difference? The image of the fuzzy disc jiggling on the retina causes only slight changes in the amount of light stimulating the receptors near the contour. If the eyes are kept still enough, the small change in stimulation caused by movement of this fuzzy contour is not enough to maintain perception and the disc fades from view. When looking at the sharp disc, the slight jiggling of the eyes causes the sharp contour to fall first on some receptors and then on others. Thus, the amount of light stimulating the receptors is constantly changing and the disc remains visible. Bolt Module 14 09 24 12

Man’s Hat Module 14 09 24 12

Ambiguous Cube Necker cube Module 14 09 24 12

Which Way Blocks? Module 14 09 24 12

Invisible Triangle Module 14 09 24 12

Can you build this? Video: Discovering Psychology, Updated Edition: Sensation and Perception (Annenberg/CPB Project, 30 minutes) This program provides an excellent complement to text coverage. After identifying the important structures involved in visual sensation, the program describes how visual information is processed. Nobelist David Hubel, whose work with Torsten Wiesel on feature detectors is described in the text, is interviewed. The program portrays perception as involving an active construction of reality. It reviews the basic principles of perceptual organization and interpretation, paying special attention to the role of expectancy and context effects. A staged bank robbery makes viewers aware of both the complexity of the perceptual process and of human susceptibility to error. The program includes vivid demonstrations of several phenomena described in Modules 13 and 14, including the Ames room, impossible figures, ambiguous figures (saxophonist vs. woman’s face), and perceptual adaptation to disorienting glasses. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WvVfcyVCdNA Bill Nye illusions Module 14 09 24 12

Crazy Block Shape Module 14 09 24 12

Funky Shape Module 14 09 24 12

Impossible Figure Module 14 09 24 12

Impossible Figure Module 14 09 24 12

Impossible Figure Module 14 09 24 12

Impossible Figure Module 14 09 24 12

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Nutty Nut Module 14 09 24 12

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Space Clock Module 14 09 24 12

Impossible Figure Module 14 09 24 12

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Ladder up or down? Module 14 09 24 12

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Perspective Man Module 14 09 24 12

Which inner circle is bigger? Module 14 09 24 12

Ouch Illusion Module 14 09 24 12

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Perfect Squares Module 14 09 24 12

Hermann Grid Module 14 09 24 12

Shades of Gray Module 14 09 24 12

How many colors do you see? Module 14 09 24 12

Candy Stripes Module 14 09 24 12

Shades of Green Module 14 09 24 12

Shades of Red Module 14 09 24 12

Shelves Module 14 09 24 12

Shimmer Module 14 09 24 12

Square Spiral Module 14 09 24 12

Straight or Wavy Lines? Module 14 09 24 12

Wavy Lines Module 14 09 24 12

Wavy Lines Module 14 09 24 12

Wavy Lines Module 14 09 24 12

Zollner Effect Module 14 09 24 12

Are these lines parallel? Module 14 09 24 12

Poggendorf Illusion Module 14 09 24 12

Are these lines straight? Module 14 09 24 12

Are these straight lines? Module 14 09 24 12

Rectangles or Diamonds? Module 14 09 24 12

Strange Cylinder Module 14 09 24 12

Black Blocks? Module 14 09 24 12

Is this the Letter E? Module 14 09 24 12

Continuous Staircase Module 14 09 24 12

Do these stairs go up or down? Module 14 09 24 12

Jesus Module 14 09 24 12

She Looks At You Module 14 09 24 12

Which Way Window? Module 14 09 24 12

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Donkey or Seal? Module 14 09 24 12

Duck or Rabbit? Module 14 09 24 12

Duck or Rabbit Module 14 09 24 12

Face or Dragon? Module 14 09 24 12

Young Lady or Old Lady? Module 14 09 24 12

Young Woman or Old Lady? Module 14 09 24 12

Old Man, Old Lady, Young Lady Module 14 09 24 12

Mirror or Devil Face? Module 14 09 24 12

Angelbats Module 14 09 24 12

Boatman Module 14 09 24 12

Liar Module 14 09 24 12

How Many Faces? Module 14 09 24 12

Skull or Table? Module 14 09 24 12

What do you see here? Module 14 09 24 12

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What do you see? Module 14 09 24 12 142

Do you see an old man, or two people kissing? Module 14 09 24 12

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Animiated necker cube http://dogfeathers.com/java/necker.html

EXPLORING PSYCHOLOGY (7th Edition in Modules) David Myers PowerPoint Slides Aneeq Ahmad Henderson State University Worth Publishers, © 2008 Module 14 09 24 12