Biology I Carbohydrates: OH H H HO CH 2 OH H H H OH O Energy molecules

Carbohydrates  Building block molecules = sugar sugar - sugar - sugar - sugar - sugar sugars

sucrose Carbohydrates  Function:  quick energy  energy storage  structure  cell wall in plants  Examples  sugars  starches  cellulose (cell wall) glucose C 6 H 12 O 6 starch

 How are complex carbohydrates formed and broken down?  Dehydration Synthesis  Hydrolysis

Dehydration Synthesis  building bigger molecules from smaller molecules  A water molecule is lost  building cells & bodies  repair  growth  reproduction + ATP

Dehydration Synthesis

Hydrolysis/Digestion  taking big molecules apart  Hydrolysis splits molecules using water  getting raw materials  for synthesis & growth  making energy (ATP)  for synthesis, growth & everyday functions + ATP

Example of hydrolysis/digestion starchglucose ATP  Starch is digested to glucose

Hydrolysis

Monosaccharides = Monomers Names for sugars usually end in  glucose  Fructose  galactose OH H H HO CH 2 OH H H H OH O glucose C 6 H 12 O 6 fructose -ose

Disaccharides= Double sugar Made by joining two monosaccharides  Lactose (milk sugar)  Sucrose (table sugar)  Maltose (grain sugar)

Building carbohydrates  Dehydration Synthesis | glucose | glucose 1 sugar = monosaccharide 2 sugars = disaccharide | maltose mono = one saccharide = sugar di = two

Building carbohydrates  Dehydration Synthesis | fructose | glucose 1 sugar = monosaccharide | sucrose (table sugar) 2 sugars = disaccharide How sweet it is!

Polysaccharides  BiG Carbohydrates  starch  energy storage in plants potatoes  glycogen  energy storage in animals in liver & muscles  cellulose  structure in plants cell walls  chitin  structure in arthropods & fungi exoskeleton poly = many

Building BIG carbohydrates glucose + glucose + glucose… = starch (plant) glycogen (animal) energy storage polysaccharide

Digesting starch vs. cellulose starch easy to digest cellulose hard to digest enzyme

Cellulose  Cell walls in plants  herbivores can digest cellulose well  most carnivores cannot digest cellulose  that’s why they eat meat to get their energy & nutrients  cellulose = roughage  stays undigested  keeps material moving in your intestines

Helpful bacteria  How can cows digest cellulose so well?  BACTERIA live in their stomachs & help digest cellulose-rich (grass) meals Eeeew… Chewing cud?

Activities  building starch by bonding together paper glucose molecules  eat carrots, celery, cookies