Macromolecules The Molecules of Life

What makes one molecule different from another molecule? Number of atoms in it Types of atoms in it Arrangement of atoms in it

Number of Atoms CO2 – Carbon Dioxide CO – Carbon Monoxide Same types of atoms in the molecules Different number of atoms in the molecules-

Arrangement of Atoms Glucose – C6H12O6 -- This molecule has 6 carbon, 12 hydrogen, and 6 oxygen atoms Fructose -- C6H12O6 – This molecule also has 6 carbon, 12 hydrogen, and 6 oxygen atoms The difference lies in the shapes of these two molecules. Isomers- molecules with the same number and type of atoms, but different arrangement of atoms

Structural Diagrams D-form of glucose L-form of glucose Why is the structural difference biologically important?

Types of Molecules

Organic Molecules At least one carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atom in them. Is water organic? Carbon skeleton – A core of carbon atoms from which the other atoms are ‘hung’.

Organic Molecules Molecule name Atoms in molecule Molecular skeleton shape Function of molecule Monomer of molecule Example of molecule

The Macromolecules Molecule Atoms Carbon Skeleton Function in Cell Monomer Example Carbo-hydrate C,O,H 2 H: 1 O Ring form Primary energy source Mono-saccharide Glucose Sugar Starch Cellulose Lipid Protein Nucleic Acids

Role of Water in Cells Dehydration Synthesis and Hydrolysis Reactions water drops out when molecules are joined to form a polymer

Hydrolysis Water molecule is insert to break apart (to lyses) a larger molecule

Carbohydrates Amylase catalyzes a hydrolysis reaction to produce monosaccharides

Lipid Molecule 1 glycerol molecule bonded to 1 or more fatty acid molecules Notice that they are at right angles to each other Glycerol and fatty acid linked by dehydration synthesis

Monomer of a Lipid Monoglyceride 1 glycerol bonded to one fatty acid

Lipids (Fats) C, H, and O only but in no specific ratio Carbon skeleton is linear Glycerol Fatty acids At right angles to each other Uses Secondary energy source Important parts of membranes in cells Monomer Monoglyceride Examples Fats, oils, saturated fats, unsaturated fats

Membranes in Cells Covering of cell Covering of structures within cells

Proteins Atoms: C, H, O, N,- some S Monomer: Amino acids 20 types of A.A- defined by R- group Peptide Bond- formed by synthesis reaction

Examples Insulin Hormones Hair, skin, muscle tissue Enzymes- catalyze almost all chemical reactions in a cell Function ?

Nucleic Acids Atoms: C,H,O, N, P Monomer: Nucleotides- A,T,C,G Examples: DNA and RNA Function?? Sugar and phosphate groups linked by dehydration synthesis reaction

From Where Do We Obtain Building Blocks of Macromolecules?

Cells http://www.tvdsb.on.ca/westmin/science/sbi3a1/cells/cells.htm