FUNCTIONAL GROUPS MEMORIZE THEM : Figure 4.10 – Hydroxylaminomethyl – Carbonylsulfhydryl – Carboxylphosphate ___________ makes them water soluble (hydrophilic) ____________makes them not water soluble (hydrophobic) These functional groups are most likely involved in ______________________like dehydration synthesis, hydrolysis, etc.

Tuesday, October 8, 2013 What are we doing today? – Finish Peer Teaching – Lipids and Carbohydrate notes Homework: REVIEW USING TARGETS, BOOK, AND WIKI Write all you know about a target to start!!! Use book and wiki to fill in the gaps.

SYNTHESIS & BREAKDOWN OF POLYMERS Monomers are joined to form polymers by _________________________ (condensation) reactions Dehydration synthesis is a type of _________________ ! ENZYMES ARE INVOLVED TO SPEED UP RATE OF RXN & LOWER RXN ACTIVATION ENERGY ENERGY IN

SYNTHESIS & BREAKDOWN OF POLYMERS Polymers are disassembled to form monomers by hydrolysis reactions Hydrolysis is a type of catabolism ! ENZYMES ARE INVOLVED TO SPEED UP RATE OF RXN & LOWER RXN ACTIVATION ENERGY ENERGY OUT

TARGET IV: MASTERY OF MACROMOLECULES CARBOHYDRATES = POLYSACCHARIDES I. Monomer unit = MONOSACCHARIDE A. General formula: C n H 2n O n B. Most end in ________ C. Have carbonyl & hydroxyl groups D. Position of carbonyl group produces two classes of _______________________ : 1. ALDDOSE if carbonyl is at the END of C chain 2. KETONE if carbonyl is in the middle of C chain 3. See fig 5.3 E. Name of monosaccharide determined by # of carbons in chain: Hexose = ____, Pentose = _____, triose = ____

MORE MONOSACCHARIDE STUFF… Structural isomers are common among monosaccharides and different structures imply… Sugars in solution form rings (See figure 5.4)(See figure 5.4) Disaccharides are two monosaccharides joined by condensation reactions: a.k.a. dehydration synthesis (see figure 5.5)(see figure 5.5) – Covalent bond between monosaccharides is called a ____________________________ Name examples of monosaccharides… Name examples of disaccharides…

POLYSACCHARIDES Functions of polysaccharides include… Consist of ______________________to several thousand monosaccharides joined by … creating bonds called… Function of polysaccharide is determined by type of monomer unit and position of glycosidic linkage Plants produce _____________in two different forms: – Amylose (see figure 5.6a)(see figure 5.6a) – Amylopectin – How are forms similar? Different? Animals produce & store CHO as _________________ in their liver (figure 5.6b)

MORE POLYSACCHARIDES… How are plant and animal polysaccharides similar? Different? Cellulose is a structural polysaccharide Cellulose – Produced by plants, used in cell walls (figure 5.8) – Cellulose differs from starch in TWO ways: ________________________________ Isomer of glucose (fig 5.7a, b) – Different glycosidic bonds between glucose monomers make ________________ of cellulose polymer difficult Can you digest cellulose? Why or why not? Can a horse or other herbivores? How? Ruminant digestion, sheep chew cud, too Ruminant digestion,sheep

LAST ONE FOR POLYSACCHARIDES… Chitin is a structural CHO similar to cellulose with an extra N-containing appendage (figure 5.10) – Found in the exoskeleton of arthropods – Makes arthropods crunchy (and delicious) – Do you know the name of any arthropods?

LIPIDS  Diverse group of macromolecules  Some types of lipids DO NOT have ‘monomer’ unit building blocks  ALL lipids, to some extent, are _______________ (water-fearing) and therefore have non-polar regions within their structure.  What functional group(s) is (are) non polar?  Examples: steroids, fats, & phospholipids

FATS (TRIGLYCERIDES) FIGURES 5.11 & 5.12  Function as long term energy storage. Where is the energy ‘stored’ in a fat polymer?  Building blocks (monomers) are ______________(3C) and ________________(16-18C)  Glycerol is joined to each fatty acid (at carboxyl group) by dehydration synthesis. How many dehydration events are required to make fat?  Two types of fatty acids  _________________ - all carbons have single bond; animal fats = solid at room temp. (BUTTER, LARD, BACON GREASE)  __________________ - two carbons in chain joined by double bond; plant fats = liquid at room temp. (OLIVE OIL, CORN OIL)

PHOSPHOLIPIDS FIGURES 5.13 & 5.14  Major component of cell membranes  Building blocks (_______________) are one hydrophilic head and two hydrophobic tails  ___________________ ‘self- assemble’ when placed in water to form either a micelle OR a phospholipid bilayer

PHOSPHOLIPIDS FIGURE 5.13