French Revolution

King Louis XVI Married age 15 Married age 15 Crowned age 19 Crowned age 19 Introverted Introverted Uninterested in government Uninterested in government

Queen Marie Antoinette Princess and Archduchess of the Hapsburgs house of Austria Princess and Archduchess of the Hapsburgs house of Austria Married at age 14 Married at age 14 Lavish in dress “Madame Deficit” Lavish in dress “Madame Deficit” Scandals Scandals

Government/Social Class General Estates- General Estates- First Estate-Roman Catholic clergy (1% pop.) First Estate-Roman Catholic clergy (1% pop.) Second Estate-Nobility (2% of pop.) Second Estate-Nobility (2% of pop.) Third Estate-Bourgeoisie, Artisans, Peasants Third Estate-Bourgeoisie, Artisans, Peasants Bourgeoisie-Middle class people (Doctors, Lawyers, Merchants) Bourgeoisie-Middle class people (Doctors, Lawyers, Merchants)

Estates Clergy Nobles Bourgeoisie Artisans Peasants

Causes of French Revolution Causes Causes 1756 Seven Years War 1756 Seven Years War under previous King Louis XV under previous King Louis XV (French and Indian War in American) (French and Indian War in American) National debt National debt Enlightenment ideas- Enlightenment ideas- “Social Contract” John Locke John Locke Jean-Jacques Rousseau Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Causes Causes Causes American Revolution American Revolution Crop failures Crop failures Bread Shortages Bread Shortages King Louis XVI calls Estates General King Louis XVI calls Estates General Needs money for debt must tax need vote Needs money for debt must tax need vote Estates General must vote Estates General must vote

Stop day1

The National Assembly June 17, 1789 June 17, 1789 Third Estates created new governing body Third Estates created new governing body Tennis Court Oath- Tennis Court Oath- -Wrote Constitution

Storming the Bastille Bastille-Prison in Paris Bastille-Prison in Paris Symbol of monarch’s power. Symbol of monarch’s power. July 14, 1789 riot and took over the Bastille July 14, 1789 riot and took over the Bastille Common People Common People Sign King was losing power Sign King was losing power The Great Fear (July) The Great Fear (July) Peasants raising up against Landlords Peasants raising up against Landlords

Declaration of the Rights of Man 1789 Aug 1789 Aug Slogan of French Revolution: Slogan of French Revolution: “Liberty, Equality, Fraternity”-Rousseau Modeled after U.S. Declaration of Independence Modeled after U.S. Declaration of Independence Written by Marquis de Lafayette with help of Thomas Jefferson Written by Marquis de Lafayette with help of Thomas Jefferson

Women’s Cry Women's march on Versailles Oct 5th Women's march on Versailles Oct 5th mobbed and armed mobbed and armed Fighting for bread Fighting for bread Forced King to return to Paris and deal with the people Forced King to return to Paris and deal with the people

Church and State National Assembly 1790 confiscates and sells off church lands to pay for government debt National Assembly 1790 confiscates and sells off church lands to pay for government debt Civil Constitution of the Clergy Civil Constitution of the Clergy Clergy elected Clergy elected Government employees Government employees  Weakens power of Catholic Church

The Almost Great Escape 1791 Royal Family attempts to escape France Royal Family attempts to escape France Caught near the border at Varennes, Fr. Caught near the border at Varennes, Fr.

Call for Help Declaration of Pillnitz -Austria and Prussia willing to aide French royal family (Aug 27, 91) Declaration of Pillnitz -Austria and Prussia willing to aide French royal family (Aug 27, 91) Austrian Emperor Leopold II is Queen’s brother Austrian Emperor Leopold II is Queen’s brother French response: Declared war on Austria French response: Declared war on Austria What did the European countries fear?

September Massacres Aug 1792 Aug 1792 Paris mobs attack and kill nobles and priests whom they accused of political crimes Paris mobs attack and kill nobles and priests whom they accused of political crimes Radicals take over the National Assembly Radicals take over the National Assembly Call for new constitution Call for new constitution

New Constitution Constitutional monarchy Constitutional monarchy Factions within the Assembly Factions within the Assembly Royalist (e’migre’s)-nobles wanted to restore monarchy Royalist (e’migre’s)-nobles wanted to restore monarchy Sans – Culottes (“those without knee breeches”) “common people” upper middle class Bourgeoisie who wanted to have influence within the government (Radicals/mobs) Sans – Culottes (“those without knee breeches”) “common people” upper middle class Bourgeoisie who wanted to have influence within the government (Radicals/mobs)

The French Republic National Convention (Sept. 1792) National Convention (Sept. 1792) Wrote first democratic constitutions (another one) Wrote first democratic constitutions (another one) Monarchy abolished Monarchy abolished Extend vote to all males with or without property Extend vote to all males with or without property Metric system Metric system New calendar New calendar

Factions Jacobins vs. Girondists Jacobins vs. Girondists Girondists – moderates, felt Revolution went too far Girondists – moderates, felt Revolution went too far Middle class Middle class Jacobins – radical Jacobins – radical “Mountains” – most radical Jacobins “Mountains” – most radical Jacobins Calls for the execution of the King Calls for the execution of the King

Political Leaders Maximilien Robespierre Maximilien Robespierre Jacobin Jacobin Lawyer Lawyer Most Controversial figure of the French Revolution Most Controversial figure of the French Revolution National Convention: Committee of Public Safety National Convention: Committee of Public Safety Marquis de Lafayette Marquis de Lafayette Girondist Girondist Military commander in America during American Revolution Military commander in America during American Revolution Wrote: Declaration of the Rights of Man and of Citizens Wrote: Declaration of the Rights of Man and of Citizens

Political Leaders Georges Danton- Georges Danton- Jacobin Jacobin New Republics: Minister of Justice New Republics: Minister of Justice Jean-Paul Marat Jean-Paul Marat Jacobin Jacobin National Convention member National Convention member “Friend of the People” – public paper “Friend of the People” – public paper Hated by Girondists Hated by Girondists

OFF WITH HIS HEAD! Jan King Louis XVI was beheaded Jan King Louis XVI was beheaded Tried before the National Convention and convicted of conspiring against the liberty of the nation Tried before the National Convention and convicted of conspiring against the liberty of the nation

The Reign of Terror The Reign of Terror

WAR France vs. Austria, Prussia, Great Britain, Holland, Spain (1793) France vs. Austria, Prussia, Great Britain, Holland, Spain (1793) National Convention instituted draft National Convention instituted draft army army First draft on European continent First draft on European continent 1796 French armies commanded by young Napoleon Bonaparte 1796 French armies commanded by young Napoleon Bonaparte

Reign of Terror Revolution gone bad!

The Committee of Public Safety Created by National Convention Created by National Convention Duties Duties Draft people into the army Draft people into the army Famous Leaders : Danton, Marat, Robespierre Famous Leaders : Danton, Marat, Robespierre Robespierre Robespierre used committee to get rid of enemies of the cause used committee to get rid of enemies of the cause Took control of National Convention so The Committee of Public Safety had more power Took control of National Convention so The Committee of Public Safety had more power Dictator power Dictator power

Reign of Terror July 1793-July 1794 Committee Public Safety July 1793-July 1794 Committee Public Safety Lead by Robespierre Lead by Robespierre Guillotined Guillotined Enemies of the Republic Enemies of the Republic 40,000+ people executed 40,000+ people executed Danton Danton Marie Antoinette Marie Antoinette

Jean Paul Marat Jacobin Jacobin Spoke out with “Friend of the People” Spoke out with “Friend of the People” Killed in his bathtub Killed in his bathtub Stabbed by Charlotte Corday – Girondist Stabbed by Charlotte Corday – Girondist Was guillotined for death of Marat Was guillotined for death of Marat

Terror turns inward Danton Danton Charged with trying to over throw the government Charged with trying to over throw the government Charged by radicals Charged by radicals Giullotined Giullotined Robespierre and followers guillotined Robespierre and followers guillotined Arrested and convicted by the National Convention Public Safety committee dismantled Public Safety committee dismantled Jacobin clubs closed Jacobin clubs closed

The Directory New Legislative body “The Directory” New Legislative body “The Directory” Two house parliament Two house parliament Executive head 5 men Executive head 5 men New Constitution New Constitution Only upper middle class men could vote Only upper middle class men could vote only 20,000 men Army put down riots under leadership of Napoleon Army put down riots under leadership of Napoleon

Napoleon Bonaparte Commander of French forces fighting the Austrians in Italy Commander of French forces fighting the Austrians in Italy moved up through the ranks moved up through the ranks Marriage helped his status Marriage helped his status Improved soldiers conditions Improved soldiers conditions Gains soldiers support Gains soldiers support

Coup d e’tat Coup d e’tat Background Background Napoleon in Egypt fighting the British Napoleon in Egypt fighting the British Defeated at the Battle at the Nile Defeated at the Battle at the Nile Flees back to Paris Flees back to Paris Hero’s welcome the people Hero’s welcome the people Coup Coup Napoleon and armed soldiers march into the Directory kick out legislators Napoleon and armed soldiers march into the Directory kick out legislators The new Reign beginnings The new Reign beginnings

Napoleon’s France 1799 Napoleon’s Dictatorship 1799 Napoleon’s Dictatorship Restoring Order Restoring Order Napoleon appoints officers Napoleon appoints officers Bank of France Bank of France Everyone pays taxes Everyone pays taxes Made business loans Made business loans Controlled inflation Controlled inflation Created Schools Created Schools Secondary schools, Technical schools, Universities Secondary schools, Technical schools, Universities (step towards public schools)

Napoleon’s France Napoleonic Code- Napoleonic Code- Napoleonic Code- Napoleonic Code- Enlightenment ideas that all citizens were equal before the law Enlightenment ideas that all citizens were equal before the law Religious tolerance Religious tolerance State more important than the individual State more important than the individual Limited freedom of speech Limited freedom of speech Censorship Censorship Women’s rights limited (Men were head of house) Women’s rights limited (Men were head of house)

Napoleon’s France The Church The Church Made peace with Catholic Church Made peace with Catholic Church Napoleon still appointed bishops and paid clergy Napoleon still appointed bishops and paid clergy Pope forgave Pope forgave taken church lands

Emperor Napoleon 1804 named himself Emperor 1804 named himself Emperor Crowned himself Crowned himself Road to Napoleonic Europe Road to Napoleonic Europe France vs. Great Britain, Austria, Spain, Italy, (Russia) France vs. Great Britain, Austria, Spain, Italy, (Russia) Trade, ports, and economics Trade, ports, and economics conquered: Spain, Italy, “Germany” conquered: Spain, Italy, “Germany” Attempts: Russia and Great Britain Attempts: Russia and Great Britain  Lessons not learned from History are bound to be repeated-Who did not learn their history?

Napoleon’s Down Fall Napoleonic Wars Napoleonic Wars French fighting since Declaration of War on Austria in 1792 French fighting since Declaration of War on Austria in 1792 Invasion of Russia Invasion of Russia 600,000 soldiers from all over Europe 600,000 soldiers from all over Europe Russia “Scorched Earth policy” Russia “Scorched Earth policy” Russian Winter, no food, no shelter Russian Winter, no food, no shelter 400,000 soldiers die 400,000 soldiers die (wounds, starvation, exposure)

Napoleon’s Down Fall March 1814 Napoleon forced to surrender March 1814 Napoleon forced to surrender Foreign monarch’s return France to Foreign monarch’s return France to King Louis XVIII (brother of Louis XVI) Napoleon exiled to Elba, off Italy Napoleon exiled to Elba, off Italy Raises an army and comes back as Emperor Raises an army and comes back as Emperor Defeated at Waterloo, by British Defeated at Waterloo, by British Exiled to the island of Saint Helena under house arrest Exiled to the island of Saint Helena under house arrest Dies 1821 Dies 1821

You Decide Napoleon Tyrant or Uniter? Tyrant or Uniter?

Ex Credit 20 points 20 points Napoleonic Civil Code Napoleonic Civil Code 1. Select a chapter from the Civil Code 1. Select a chapter from the Civil Code 2. Select 5 sub-sections of the chapter to put into your own words. 2. Select 5 sub-sections of the chapter to put into your own words. 3. Finally, reflect on these codes and explain how this could impact France. 3. Finally, reflect on these codes and explain how this could impact France.