Chapter 4 Section 3 The Struggle for Liberty

War Continues - Difficulties for Soldiers ▪C.A. is Continental Army - B.A. is British Army ▪G.W. needed men for the army ▪Boys 16 for 1 yr & low pay ▪Blacks weren’t allowed to serve but sometimes the wealthy white men would pay slaves to fight in their place ▪Difficuluties for soldiers - low pay, harsh conditions, big chance of becoming a casualty ▪Many enslaved Africans sided w British - offered them freedom

●The C.A. then began letting free blacks serve on their side ●While the men were gone, women took care of the homes & businesses and also were nurses & spies ●A women named Mary Hays served in the C.A. & brought water to the troops (Known as Molly Pitcher) ●Deborah Sampson also joined the C.A. disguised as a man & fought in battle SIDE NOTE - War Continues

The 2 Armies - Colonial and British Strengths and Weaknesses C.A. untrained/poorly equipped C.A. small navy B.A cross Atlantic B.A. used mercanaries which backfired ●C.A. fought for a cause ●C.A. got help from European Countries ●B.A. well-trained /well- equipped ●B.A. large powerful navy STRENGTHS Weaknessnes

DEFEATS AND VICTORIES - Canada, NY, & New Jersey ▪CANADA - New Year’s Eve British WINNER - Benedict Arnold tries to capture Quebec w/General Montgomery - crushed by B.A. - Patriots hopes of taking Canada as the “14th Colony” faded ▪NEW YORK - June British WINNER - William Howe (B.A.) & G.W. (C.A.) both wanted it - Washington was outnumbered & got pushed farther back - huge victory, C.A. on verge of vanishing ▪NEW JERSEY - Nov American WINNER - The C.A. retreated to New Jersey-weary, low morale, low in number - importance-next slides

(just listen)The Battle for New Jersey ▪Thomas Paine, “These are the times that try men’s souls…” in American Crisis pamphlet ▪G.W. hired a spy to get British info - Nathan Hale ▪ Spy was caught and found w/ secret papers in the sole of his shoes - branded a traitor & hung in the market square ▪ G.W. was very low on men, supplies, morale - C.A. waited in New Jersey & decided what to do this point, the Redcoats were confident so they left their post in New Jersey in hands of German Hessian mercenaries - who fought for pay, not loyalty -a mistake to use them??

JUST LISTEN The Famous Portrait of Washington Crossing the Delaware - Christmas Night 1776 ▪ G.W. was able to find 2,000 men to serve with the C.A. - He decided to attack the mercenaries & try to win New Jersey ▪Christmas night G.W. & the C.A. silently crossed the Delaware River in a blizzard, trekking through snow many w/no shoes and snuck up on the mercenaries ▪The mercenaries were all asleep from partying late through the night & didn’t expect the attack

▪The C.A.killed these men, on Christmas, and was able to capture 900 Redcoats & the city of Trenton ▪ IMPORTANCE - Trenton was turning point for the C.A. & renewed the war effort for the Patriots... the C.A. then went on to capture Princeton; thus won all of New Jersey... the Patriot effort was SAVED!

Saratoga Oct British need a quick qin and try to cut off NE Colonies from the rest American WINNER - due to bad timing on British’s part which allowed C.A. to win NY back Importance -The major turning point of the war bc n ow France & Spain decided to help Patriots - they were 1) Enemies of Britain and 2) Patriots had won Battle of Saratoga Both countries brought men, supplies, & leaders to help the C.A. The Redcoats were losing ground fast in the war effort! Defeats and Victories - Battle of Saratoga Oct. 17, 1777

● Congress establishes Marines and Continental Navy ●Tiny American Navy captures British bases in Nassau, Bahamas & destroys 200 B.A. ships over course of War ●John Paul Jones was naval hero, former outlaw (Pirate) who volunteered for American side - captured several British supply ships - once fought for hours and said, “I have not yet begun to fight!’ until finally defeating British in epic battle ●Entry of French Navy helped C.A. greatly War at Sea

●Lands west of Appalachians controlled by Native Amer Nations ●George Rogers Clark led Western campaign, knew lands well as former surveyor ●Weakened British support systems by targeting trading villages ●Although B.A. had more support from Native Amer.s, Clark and his men did manage to follow through Ohio River-Tennessee-state of Illinois War in the West

European Example Spring FRANCE AND SPAIN Enters the War to our aid bc enemies of Britain/Patriots won Battle of Saratoga ●Marquis de Lafayette - wealthy Frenchman ●Baron Friedrich von Steuben - experienced military officer from Prussia ●“Welfare of America is closely bound up with the welfare of mankind” - volunteers & money & ships and troops ●Helped train the Continental Army and turn them into a fighting force Impact on the War

●General George Washington in charge of the Patriots ●The timing of European help was perfect as GW and his men settled into the winter at Valley Forge ●Chosen bc of its defensive position, close to capital of Philadelphia ●Men were low on supplies due to conflicts over funding w/in Colonies ●Terrible weather and a brutal winter ●Disease and sickness due to lack of clothing shirts, shoes, against a brutal snow ●Malnutrition and starvation due to no food Valley Forge - December 1777

●NO actual battles took place there - only courage and suffering - important because the C.A. bonded together, practiced and became stronger under Baron von Steuben - true army now ●Meanwhile Patriots had fled Boston, leaving only Loyalists and British Soldiers living in luxury w/taverns, theaters, balls, etc. (write in) - Valley Forge - December 1777