The Eastern Powers

The Ottoman Empire The Eighteenth- century Problems The Eighteenth- century Problems Decentralization Janissary discipline declined Economically dependent on European demands Territories lost

The Ottoman Empire The Greek Revolt ( ) The Greek Revolt ( ) Fueled by nationalism, ideas of French Rev.Fueled by nationalism, ideas of French Rev. Revolt!Revolt! Atrocities!Atrocities! Ottomans, Egypt vs. Greeks, Great PowersOttomans, Egypt vs. Greeks, Great Powers Battle of Navarino (October 20, 1827)Battle of Navarino (October 20, 1827) Greek victory  Kingdom of Greece (1830)Greek victory  Kingdom of Greece (1830) Battle of Navarino

The Ottoman Empire Reforms of Mahmud II (r ) Reforms of Mahmud II (r ) Broke power of local rulersBroke power of local rulers New, European-styled army  elimination of Janissaries (1826)New, European-styled army  elimination of Janissaries (1826) Updated bureaucracyUpdated bureaucracy Embassies in EuropeEmbassies in Europe

The Ottoman Empire The Tanzimat ( ) The Tanzimat ( ) “Reorganization” along European, secular lines“Reorganization” along European, secular lines New trends and reformsNew trends and reforms OTTOMANISM: Ottoman citizenship for all subjects  equality before law OTTOMANISM: Ottoman citizenship for all subjects  equality before law New schools, outside control of ulama New schools, outside control of ulama New civil, penal codes New civil, penal codes Constitution (1876) Constitution (1876) Not everyone in favorNot everyone in favor

The Ottoman Empire Reaction of Abdul Hamid II (r ) Reaction of Abdul Hamid II (r ) “Pan-Islam,” rather than Ottomanism Suspended constitution Censoring, spies Brutal suppression of revolts

The Ottoman Empire The Young Turks ( ) The Young Turks ( ) Revive constitution, Ottomanism!Revive constitution, Ottomanism! Military coup (1908)  constitution restoredMilitary coup (1908)  constitution restored Counterrevolution (1909)  sultan deposed, replacedCounterrevolution (1909)  sultan deposed, replaced New governmentNew government Sultan a figurehead Sultan a figurehead Continued Ottomanism Continued Ottomanism Improved military Improved military

The Ottoman Empire Questions? Questions?

Russia The Decembrist Revolt (Dec. 14, 1825) The Decembrist Revolt (Dec. 14, 1825) Alexander I  Nicholas I (r ) Secret societies wanted reform, constitution Reform-minded troops marched on Senate Square Revolt dispersed

Russia Nicholas’s Program Nicholas’s Program Orthodoxy, autocracy, nationalityOrthodoxy, autocracy, nationality Restricted educationRestricted education CensorshipCensorship Political policePolitical police “Gendarme of Europe”“Gendarme of Europe” Nicholas I

Russia Crimean War ( ) Crimean War ( ) Began over Orthodox rights, Russian claims in Ottoman EmpireBegan over Orthodox rights, Russian claims in Ottoman Empire Russia invaded Ottomans’ Danubian principalities  British, French declaration of warRussia invaded Ottomans’ Danubian principalities  British, French declaration of war Russian defeat!Russian defeat! Conclusion: Russia weak, backward!Conclusion: Russia weak, backward!

Russia Boris Kustodiev, Reading the Manifesto (1907) Abolition of Serfdom Abolition of Serfdom Ordered by Alexander II (r ) EMANCIPATION MANIFESTO (March 3, 1861) Freedom! Compensation for nobles Peasants must reimburse state

Russia Additional Reforms Additional Reforms ZemstvosZemstvos Councils for local affairs Councils for local affairs Classes represented Classes represented Judicial (1864)Judicial (1864) Military (1874)Military (1874) Open to local cooperation with imperial council (1881)Open to local cooperation with imperial council (1881) Alexander II

Russia Industrialization Industrialization Slow! Chief entrepreneur: Russian state Significant railways Terrible working conditions!

Russia Assassination of Alexander II (March 13, 1881) Assassination of Alexander II (March 13, 1881) Previous attemptsPrevious attempts The People’s WillThe People’s Will Bomb explosion  mortally woundedBomb explosion  mortally wounded

Russia Church of the Savior on Spilled Blood ( ), St. Petersburg

Russia Questions? Questions?

Japan The Tokugawa Shogunate ( ) The Tokugawa Shogunate ( ) Goal: maintain political stability  peaceGoal: maintain political stability  peace Presided over period of growthPresided over period of growth Economic, agricultural prosperity Economic, agricultural prosperity Urbanization Urbanization High literacy rates High literacy rates Men: 40%Men: 40% Women: 15%Women: 15%

Japan The West Confronts Japan The West Confronts Japan Policy of isolation maintained Commodore Matthew Perry of U.S.A. arrived 1853 Demanded opening of ports Japan agreed The arrival of Commodore Perry

Japan Meiji Restoration (1868) Meiji Restoration (1868) Support for shogunate erodingSupport for shogunate eroding Civil war ( )  end of shogunateCivil war ( )  end of shogunate Power now “restored” to Emperor Meiji (r )Power now “restored” to Emperor Meiji (r ) New capital: TokyoNew capital: Tokyo Emperor Meiji

Japan Modernization – Japanese Style! Modernization – Japanese Style! Feudalism abolished  centralized stateFeudalism abolished  centralized state Constitution ( ), parliamentConstitution ( ), parliament National army, navyNational army, navy Universal primary school systemUniversal primary school system ShintoShinto IndustrializationIndustrialization

Japan Japan and the World Japan and the World Victor in wars with China ( ), Russia ( ) First Asian state to defeat European power! West accepted it as equal player

Japan Questions? Questions?

China The Qing and the British The Qing and the British British confined to Guangzhou, lost considerably in trade exchangesBritish confined to Guangzhou, lost considerably in trade exchanges Requests for additional ports, presence in Beijing rejected (1793, 1816)Requests for additional ports, presence in Beijing rejected (1793, 1816) Solution to trade problem: opium  widespread addictionSolution to trade problem: opium  widespread addiction China’s trade surplus disappearedChina’s trade surplus disappeared

China Opium den

China The Opium Wars The Opium Wars First war ( )First war ( ) Opium banned, confiscated, destroyed Opium banned, confiscated, destroyed British sent fleet, troops  Qing surrender British sent fleet, troops  Qing surrender Second war ( ): British-French invasion of BeijingSecond war ( ): British-French invasion of Beijing ConsequencesConsequences Hong Kong  British Hong Kong  British More ports open More ports open Extraterritoriality for Westerners Extraterritoriality for Westerners Nemesis destroying a junk

China The Qing The Qing No capable rulers Empress Dowager CIXI ( ) Regent for son, nephew Luxury, self- indulgence Blocked reform

China The Boxer Rebellion ( ) The Boxer Rebellion ( ) Captured and killed foreigners, missionaries Laid siege to embassies in Beijing Supported by Cixi (1900) Western powers, Japan captured Beijing

China

China The Revolution of 1911 The Revolution of 1911 Many now calling for overthrow of Qing, formation of republicMany now calling for overthrow of Qing, formation of republic The revoltThe revolt Began in Wuchang (October 10, 1911) Began in Wuchang (October 10, 1911) Some provinces declared independence Some provinces declared independence Declining military support for Qing Declining military support for Qing Xuantong (r ) abdicatedXuantong (r ) abdicated Republic of China declared 1912Republic of China declared 1912

China Questions? Questions?

The Eastern Powers How can we compare, contrast these Eastern powers? How can we compare, contrast these Eastern powers? What were their different responses to the West, modernity? What were their different responses to the West, modernity? Who made out; who didn’t? Who made out; who didn’t?