Chapter 23 – War and Revolution section 1 – The Road to World War I

Causes of the War

Nationalism

 Can be a unifying force, but also leads to fierce competition  The key players in these nationalistic rivalries were Germany, Austria-Hungary, Great Britain, Russia, Italy, and France.  While Britain was the first to industrialize, Germany was quickly competing with Britain for industrial dominance.  A particularly intense rivalry existed between Austria-Hungary and Russia over the Balkans.  Slavic minorities in the Balkans and Austro- Hungarian Empire still dreamed of their own national states. Nationalism

Imperialism Since the mid-1800s, European nations competed for wealth and resources around the globe (ex. The Boer War.) As competition continued, rivalries and mistrust grew.

Militarism Increase in Defense Expenditures France10% Britain13% Russia39% Germany73% Definition – the aggressive preparation for war In 1914, mobilization of a nation’s army was considered an act of war. In short, nationalism/imperialism lead to an intense arms race...

Entangling Alliances Triple Entente: Triple Alliance: WAR! Rivalry and mistrust  an alliance system, everyone wanted to make sure they had someone to “back them up.” Germany Austria- Hungary Italy England France Russia

The Outbreak of War The “Spark”

The Balkans, 1914 The “Powder Keg” of Europe As Ottoman Empire declined, ethnic groups in the Balkan area (Bulgaria, Serbia, Bosnia) sought independence. Austria-Hungary and Russia have interests in exerting their interests in the area 1914, Serbia supported by Russia, determined to create an independent Slavic state in the Balkins. A-H, Slavic population didn’t support.

 A-H vows to respond to any Serb “aggression.”  Russia secretly assures Serbia they will support them.  Enter the Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his family… Tensions Increase The archduke was the heir to A-H throne, and decided to tour Bosnia…perhaps in a show of strength Gavrilo Princip, a 19- year old member of Serbian nationalist group the “Black Hand” shot the archduke and his wife point-blank.

The Assassination: Sarajevo

The Assassin: Gavrilo Princip

The Outbreak of War After half-hearted negotiations, A-H declared war on Serbia on July 28, The alliance system then dragged all of Europe into war  Chain reaction of 1914: To support her ally (Serbia), Russia moved troops toward the A-H border (July 28)  Germany, supporting her ally (A-H) declared war on Russia (Aug. 2) and two days later, also declared war on (Russia’s ally) France. Germany declared war on neutral Belgium (Aug.4) Great Britain, feeling the threat and supporting her ally, France, declared war on Germany (Aug. 4)  WWI!

Who’s To Blame?

The Schlieffen Plan

Mobilization  Home by Christmas!  No major war in 50 years!  Home by Christmas!  No major war in 50 years! A German Boy Pretends to Be a Soldier

Trench Warfare “No Man’s Land”

Trench Warfare

Poison Gas Machine Gun

Flame Throwers Grenade Launchers

Krupp’s “Big Bertha” Gun

French Renault Tank

British Tank at Ypres

The Airplane

U-Boats

War Is HELL !!

Sacrifices in War

The Somme – July, 1916 e 60,000 British soldiers killed in one day. e Over 1,000,000 killed in 5 months. e 60,000 British soldiers killed in one day. e Over 1,000,000 killed in 5 months.

Women and the War Effort

Financing the War

For Recruitment

Munitions Workers

French Women Factory Workers

German Women Factory Workers

Working in the Fields

A Woman Ambulance Driver

Red Cross Nurses

Women in the Army Auxiliary

Russian Women Soldiers

Spies e “Mata Hari” e Real Name: Margareetha Geertruide Zelle e German Spy! e “Mata Hari” e Real Name: Margareetha Geertruide Zelle e German Spy!

Posters: Wartime Propagand a

Australian Poster

American Poster

Financing the War

German Poster Think of Your Children!

The Western Front: A “War of Attrition”

A Multi-Front War

The Western Front

The Eastern Front

The Gallipoli Disaster, 1915

Turkish Cavalry in Palestine

T. E. Lawrence & the “Arab Revolt”,

T. E. Lawrence & Prince Faisal at Versailles,

The Tsar with General Brusilov

The “Colonial” Fronts

Sikh British Soldiers in India

Fighting in Africa British Sikh Mountain Gunners Black Soldiers in the German Schutztruppen [German E. Africa]

Fighting in Africa 3 rd British Battalion, Nigerian Brigade

Fighting in Salonika, Greece French colonial marine infantry from Cochin, China

Americ a Joins the Allies

The Sinking of the Lusitania

The Zimmerman Telegram

The Yanks Are Coming! The Yanks Are Coming!

Americans in the Trenches

The War of the Industrial Revolution: New Technology

Allied Ships Sunk by U-Boats

The Flying Aces of World War I Eddie Rickenbacher, US Francesco Barraco, It. Rene Pauk Fonck, Fr. Manfred von Richtoffen, Ger. [The “Red Baron”] Willy Coppens de Holthust, Belg. Eddie “Mick” Mannoch, Br.

Curtis-Martin U. S. Aircraft Plant

Looking for the “Red Baron?”

The Zeppelin

“Art” of World War I

“A Street in Arras” John Singer Sargent, 1918

“Oppy Wood” – John Nash, 1917

“Those Who Have Lost Their Names” Albin Eggar-Linz, 1914

“Gassed and Wounded” Eric Kennington, 1918

“Paths of Glory” C. R. W. Nevinson, 1917

German Cartoon: “Fit for active service!”, 1918

1918 Flu Pandemic: Depletes All Armies 50,000,000 – 100,000,000 died 50,000,000 – 100,000,000 died

11 a.m., November 11, 1918 The Armistice is Signed!

9,000,000 Dead 9,000,000 Dead

The Somme American Cemetary, France 116,516 Americans Died

World War I Casualties

Turkish Genocide Against Armenians A Portent of Future Horrors to Come!

Turkish Genocide Against Armenians Districts & Vilayets of Western Armenia in Turkey Erzerum215,0001,500 Van197, Kharbert204,00035,000 Diarbekir124,0003,000 Bitlis220,00056,000 Sivas225,00016,800 Other Armenian-populated Sites in Turkey Western Anatolia371,80027,000 Cilicia and Northern Syria309,00070,000 European Turkey194,000163,000 Trapizond District73,39015,000 Total 2,133,190387,800

Recruitment Posters