Nuclear Medicine Technique I 355 RAD L.Aya Ahmed Saeed

Learning objective After lecture student should be able to:- What is nuclear medicine Brief history of nuclear medicine Brief nuclear medicine use.

What is nuclear medicine NM Is the branch of medicine that uses radiation and nuclear properties of radionuclide's to: provide diagnostic information about the functioning of a specific organs (diagnosis). Treat some diseases (therapy). Unlike radiographic procedures, which depend almost entirely upon tissue density differences, internal imaging of radiopharmaceuticals is essentially independent of the density of the target organ

Why NM In X ray give information in morphology like (size, site and shape) but in the N.M if found morphology and function in same image.

A Brief History of Nuclear Medicine Raise after discovery of radioactivity. Radioactivity is discovered by chains by Henery Becquerel in Radionuclide was first used for the investigation of thyroid disease.

A Brief History of Nuclear Medicine 1930s: Discovery of artificiel isotopes, notably Iodine-131 and Tc99m. First treatment in 1939 with phosphorus-32. First treatment with iodine-131 in Gamma camera (Anger) and Rectilinear Scanner in 1950s. Thyroid Imaging

NM procedure Nuclear Medicine DiagnosticImaging Non- imaging TherapeuticGeneralLocalized

Diagnostic nuclear medicine Diagnostic procedures, such as organ imaging, in which a radionuclide, in suitable chemical form, is administered to the patient and an external radiation detector determines the distribution of radioactivity in the body.

In Vivo imaging - the gamma camera Properties of gamma rays High energy electromagnetic radiation Can be penetrate Cannot be focused Patient Radioactive tracer Gamma rays Gamma camera Image

Type of imaging Non-imaging –In-vitro (measuring radiation levels in bodily fluids outside the body) –e.g. Blood sample counting for GFR analysis: Patient Electronics and count-rate meter Inject radioactive tracer Extract sample of bodily fluid (e.g. blood) Measure fluid sample in sample detector

Therapeutic nuclear medicine It involves the administration of radioactively labeled drugs to the patients referred to as radiopharmaceuticals. most notably treatments for various forms of cancer.

Principle of conventional nuclear medicine imaging

Radiopharmaceuticals Radioactive material in a form suitable for administration for human for purpose of diagnosis or therapy

Diagnostic Imaging Gamma camera builds up an image from the points from which radiation is emitted; this image is enhanced by a computer and viewed on a monitor for indications of abnormal conditions.

Imaging methods The main imaging methods in the NM divided into 4 main types: Static. WBS. Dynamic. SPECT.

Imaging methods Static: A single image of particular structure(snapshot) of the radiopharmaceuticals distributed within the part of the body. Perform image for all aspect of the structure. It takes from seconds to several minute. Dynamic study:  Display the distribution of particular radiopharmaceuticals over a specific period.

Imaging methods Whole body scan:  By use especially designed moving detector system to produce an image of the entire body. SPECT imaging:  Similar to image of CT or MRI slices.  1-3 gamma detector may be used to produce topographic images.