Slide 1 © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Culture

Slide 2 © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. What is culture?

Slide 3 © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Insert Short Video on Culture

Slide 4 © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Try to Ponder this! Try to recount what you have done today? Let’s focus on brushing your teeth? How do you do it? How did you learn?

Slide 5 © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. What Is Culture? █ Culture (Schaefer, 2009): Totality of learned, socially transmitted customs (kaugalian, nakagawian), knowledge, material objects, and behavior (ugali) –Culture includes ideas, values, customs, and artifacts of groups of people Module 9

Slide 6 © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. What Is Culture? █ Culture (Henslin, 2002): –It refers to language, beliefs, values (asal), norms, behaviors, and even material objects that are passed from one generation to another. Module 9

Slide 7 © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. What Is Culture? █ Culture (E.B. Taylor, 1958): –“Culture…is that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, law, morals, customs, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society. Module 9

Slide 8 © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. What Is Culture? █ Culture (E.B. Taylor, 1958): –Culture…is that complex whole which includes all the habits acquired my man as a member of society. Module 9

Slide 9 © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Characteristics of Culture There is nothing natural about material culture. Culture becomes a lens through which we see the world and obtain our perception of reality.

Slide 10 © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Characteristics of Culture Culture dictates our behavior. Cultural provides moral standards.

Slide 11 © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Components of Culture Symbol-something which people attach meaning and which they then use to communicate.

Slide 12 © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Components of Culture Gestures- using one’s body to communicate with others. Useful shorthand ways to convey message without words. E.g., your observation fieldwork? Any gestures observed?

Slide 13 © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Components of Culture Language Language allows human experience to be cumulative (through language, culture can be transferred from one generation to another through oral and written history) Language provides a social or shared past. Language Reflects History and Culture

Slide 14 © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Components of Culture (Lenkeit, 2009) 1.Cognitive Process- It involves learning, knowing and perceiving ideas, knowledge, symbols, standards, and values. 2.Behaviors-How we act or conduct ourselves, e.g., gestures, eating, marriage ceremonies, dancing, social interactions.

Slide 15 © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Components of Culture (Lenkeit, 2009) 3. Artifacts (human material creations)- tools, pottery, clothing, architectural features, machines.

Slide 16 © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Cognitive Process What people think, how they think, what they believe, and what they value are part of culture. Cognitive processes are not manifest or obvious (cannot be seen) but they provide a concept of people’s choices.

Slide 17 © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Behavior Human behavior can be observed and described and includes all things we do. E.g., playing instrument, dancing. Manifestation of your cognitive process

Slide 18 © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Material Culture What people create, from artifacts to features, are products of human cultural activities. The objects we make reflect and how we think.

Slide 19 © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Culture and Society █ Society: Large number of people who live in same territory, who are relatively independent of people outside that area, and who participate in a common culture –Common culture simplifies day-to-day interactions Module 9

Slide 20 © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Cultural Universals █ Cultural Universal: all societies have developed common practices and beliefs. █ Examples: cooking, funeral ceremonies,medicine, marriage, and sexual restrictions. Module 9

Slide 21 © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Nuclear Extended

Slide 22 © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. *Common: two parents and their children *Nuanced: two or more individuals affiliated by blood (parent and child), marriage (husband and wife), or adoption (adopted child)

Slide 23 © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. *Based on consanguineous (genetic; kinship) and affinal relations (through marriage)

Slide 24 © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. *Nuclear family + anyone who does not belong to the nuclear (at least three generations). *Affinal, consanguineous, fictive

Slide 25 © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 1.Who to marry Endogamy vs Exogamy Homogamy (opposites attract doesn’t work) Hypergamy vs. Hypogamy

Slide 26 © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Ethnocentrism and Cultural Relativism █ Ethnocentrism: Tendency to assume that one’s own culture and way of life represents the norm or is superior to others –Conflict theorists: ethnocentric value judgments serve to devalue groups and to deny equal opportunities –Functionalists: ethnocentrism maintains sense of solidarity Module 9

Slide 27 © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Cultural Relativism █ Cultural relativism: █ Idea that any aspect of culture must be viewed and evaluated within the context of that culture. Module 9

Slide 28 © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Development of Culture around the World █ Innovation: process of introducing a new idea or object to a culture –Discovery: Making known or sharing existence of an aspect of reality –Invention: Existing cultural items combined into form that did not exist before Module 10

Slide 29 © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Globalization, Diffusion, and Technology █ Diffusion: Process by which cultural item spreads from group to group –McDonaldization: Process through which principles of fast-food industry dominate certain sectors of society Module 10

Slide 30 © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. █ Material culture: Physical or technological aspects of daily lives –Food items –Houses –Factories –Raw materials –Customs –Beliefs –Philosophies –Governments –Patterns of communication █ Nonmaterial culture: Ways of using material objects as well as: Module 10

Slide 31 © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Cultural Variation █ Subculture: Segment of society that shares distinctive pattern of mores, folkways, and values that differs from larger society Module 11

Slide 32 © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Cultural Variation █ Counterculture: Subculture that conspicuously and deliberately opposes certain aspects of the larger culture █ Culture shock: Feeling disoriented, uncertain, out of place, or fearful when immersed in an unfamiliar culture Module 11

Slide 33 © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Language: Written and Spoken █ Language: Abstract system of word meanings and symbols for all aspects of culture –Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis Language precedes thought Language is not a given Language is culturally determined Language may color how we see the world Module 12

Slide 34 © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Nonverbal Communication █ Nonverbal communication: Use of gestures, facial expressions, and other visual images to communicate –Learned –Differs by cultures –Symbols: gestures, objects, and words that form basis of human communication Module 12

Slide 35 © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. –Formal norms: Generally written; specify strict punishments –Law: government social control –Informal norms: Generally understood but not precisely recorded Norms and Values █ Norms: Established standards of behavior maintained by a society Module 12

Slide 36 © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. █ Folkways: Norms governing everyday behavior Types of Norms █ Mores: Norms deemed highly necessary to the welfare of a society Module 12

Slide 37 © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. –Behavior that appears to violate society’s norms may represent adherence to a particular group’s norms –Norms may be violated because they conflict with other norms –Acceptance of norms is subject to change Acceptance of Norms █ People do not follow norms in all situations Module 12

Slide 38 © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Sanctions █ Sanctions: Penalties and rewards for conduct concerning social norm –Positive sanctions: Pay raises, medals, and words of gratitude –Negative sanctions: Fines, threats, imprisonment, and stares of contempt Module 12

Slide 39 © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Table 12-1: Norms and Sanctions Module 12

Slide 40 © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Values █ Cultural values: Collective conceptions of what is good, desirable, and proper – or bad, undesirable, and improper Influence people’s behavior Criteria for evaluating actions of others Values may change Module 12