Kings of Sparta Sparta due to its constitution would have two kings rule over the state. These kings working in partnership would share their duties, and by the nature of the dual leadership would keep the other king honest. Both kings would ensure that one king would not abuse or obtain too much power, that they could cause harm to the state. The unique nature of the Spartan kings was impressive considering all the other Greek city states of the time had elected officials in place of their kings.

LET’S REVIEW Citizens of Athens Great responsibility, so you had to earn it  Citizens were children of parents who were born in Athens.  Only male citizens could participate in voting and governing the city.  A young man became a citizen after he finished his military service at age 20.  Women could not participate in Athenian democracy.  Female Citizens – had little say in any aspect of life in Athens  Stayed home to raise children.  Did household tasks, weaved.  Only left the house to participate in religious ceremonies  Always had a male guardian to look after and accompany her

Roles of Men & Boy MEN:  Picking husbands  Serving military  participate in decision making process  Spent long hours talking about politics in the market place, assembly or work.  Took care of women BOYS:  Go to school  Play sports  Join military at 18 Roles of Women & Girls WOMEN:  Household work  Teach their children  Make clothes  Taking care of children  Could own property and valuables  Women had few rights. Main role to obey father or husband.  They were important, but had no involvement in politics. GIRLS:  Learn to take care of the house

Metics  Residents of Athens who had been born outside of the city- state.  They were not allowed to own land and could not become citizens –( in special and rare cases it did happen)  Metics were trusted to live in Athens but were considered foreigners  Role: make and sell good for money Slaves  Owned either by private Athenians or by the city-state  Many slaves were people who had been taken prisoner when their city- state was attached by the Athenians.  Slaves could not become citizens.  Impacted Athens political structure - Because of the slaves citizens had time to participate in government. Made democracy possible.  Usually uneducated and served owners  Role: work and do what owners wanted

The Assembly Direct Democracy  All male citizens expected to participate  Met about 40 times a year – (3 once a month) unless an emergency  Members make decisions on issues big or small (go to war or not)  Speakers 50 years or older spoke first  Members make speeches at the Pnyx  Debate, listen discuss, vote  Every member had an equal right to speak  Voting by “hands up” or by stones  Had to have 6,000 men at a meeting to vote Athenians vote to ostracize a citizen by scratching his name on a piece of pottery. If a citizen receives 6000 or more votes, he must leave Athens.

The Council of 500 known as the Boule  Full time government of Athens  met daily  People served a one year term  Citizens placed into 10 tribes. 10 tribes with 50 members each ( over age of 30) represented at council.  Always 50 members on duty at any time.  Each tribe was in charge of the Council one tenth of a year  Council was chosen by lottery  A citizen could serve on Council only twice  Every 24 hours a new leader of the Council was chosen by lottery – leadership lasted 24 hours  Council planned the agenda for Assembly meetings  Council supervised the running of the government – made sure laws were being enforced  Discussed and voted on decrees that they would present for approval to the Assemble

The Courts Two offices: Magistrates:  Government official working for the court  Could fine people, or send them to trail Jury:  Male citizens over 30 could be on a jury  Had people  Chosen by lottery  Speeches were timed,  Citizens could be magistrates  Plaintiffs and Defendants spoke for themselves – no lawyers  Citizens could be on a jury  Women and Metics could be involved as plaintiffs and defendants

Court system - Anyone could bring a charge against another person in ancient Greece. There was no prosecutor. But there were rules. Here's how it worked:  FIRST: You had tell the person that you were going to start an action against them to be heard in "court". You had to bring witnesses with you so your witnesses could testify that the person was told why you were bringing an action, and that you had given this person a date, time, and location that they had to appear in court to defend themselves.  SECOND: You had to post a written notice near the courthouse that clearly stated the names of both parties, the charges, and the date, time, and location of your first trip to court on this action.  FIRST TIME IN COURT: The first trip gave both parties a chance to speak before a judge. If the judge felt there was enough cause, that judge would assign a trial date. That trial date had to be posted as well.

 JURY SELECTION, TRIAL BY JURY: To be on a jury, you had to be a citizen. You had to be over 30 years of age. You had to swear that you would be fair to both sides. Jury members did get paid. Juries were selected from volunteers. The number of jurors could be huge. Some trials had as many as 500 jurors who had volunteered to judge a case. Only the jury could bring in a decision that someone was guilty or innocent. The judge only kept order, but could not decide a trial outcome.  THE TRIAL: Both sides presented their case. Then the jurors voted. Majority ruled.  PUNISHMENT: Punishments varied. If found guilty, both sides, the person bringing the charge and the person being charged, suggested a punishment. The jury could not choose a third choice. They had to choice one suggestion or the other.

 FAMOUS ANCIENT GREEK TRIAL: The trial of Socrates. Nothing probably would have happened to Socrates if he had followed the rules. He knew how the court system worked in ancient Athens. But when the court found him guilty, he was angry. The other side suggested death as punishment. Socrates, who found the charges against him ridiculous, suggested his fine be one piece of silver. He knew the jury would be angered by that. If Socrates had suggested a stronger punishment, the jury probably would have voted for it. But he left them little choice. By law, they had to pick one side's suggestion or the other, and be fair about it. Socrates had to treat the trial seriously. He did not, and it cost him his life.  Trial by jury was not invented by the ancient Greeks. But it was fine tuned. We use many of their steps in our court system today.

Big question: How did the structure of the government give opportunities for people to participate in decision making?  Government positions were held by ordinary citizens, rich or poor, with equal chances of being elected  Lottery to chose government – equal chances for everyone  Short terms of power – no one controls government for too long  Assembly gave all citizens a chance to be heard –  This is called direct democracy  Every citizen was considered equal, and any citizen could bring up laws

To what extent were democratic ideals of equity and fairness not a part of the structure of government and society in ancient Athens?  Slavery was accepted  Women were closed off from most of society  Immigrants (metics) were not allowed to participate, even though they were an important part of Athenian life  Most residents of Athens could not participate in government.  Individual rights were not important compared to what the majority wanted. (ostracisms)  The courts had no real rules of evidence – it was just who could convince the jury better

To what extent was the form of democracy practice in ancient Athens fair and equitable?  At the time (500 BCE), most of the world was ruled by kings and tyrants while Athens was governed by the people. Every citizen had a voice. Athenian citizens were directly involved in politics.