The Thirty Years War (It lasted 30 years)
People are talking “smack” about you in this room, how do you defend yourself?
Society in the Middle Ages In the Middle Ages, and the system of feudalism, who were common people loyal to? Also in the Middle Ages, who was on top of the social pyramid? In the Middle Ages, and the system of feudalism, who were common people loyal to? Also in the Middle Ages, who was on top of the social pyramid?
“Nation” (In the Middle Ages) Who leads a nation? Who grants that leader the authority to rule? By these answers, how would we define a nation in the Middle Ages? Who leads a nation? Who grants that leader the authority to rule? By these answers, how would we define a nation in the Middle Ages?
Example of a Middle-Ages Nation: Holy Roman Empire Over 250 small kingdoms, each run by princes “United” by a single Emperor, Emperor had no real authority, and no additional land Usually was named Emperor by the Pope as a reward Often “ruled” from an outside country These kingdoms often fought religious wars against one another Over 250 small kingdoms, each run by princes “United” by a single Emperor, Emperor had no real authority, and no additional land Usually was named Emperor by the Pope as a reward Often “ruled” from an outside country These kingdoms often fought religious wars against one another
Peace of Augsburg, 1555 Agreement in the Holy Roman Empire (“HRE”) in 1555 Signed by Emperor Charles V Princes could choose Catholic or Lutheran for their kingdom What was the purpose of the Peace of Augsburg? How effective do you think this peace was? Agreement in the Holy Roman Empire (“HRE”) in 1555 Signed by Emperor Charles V Princes could choose Catholic or Lutheran for their kingdom What was the purpose of the Peace of Augsburg? How effective do you think this peace was?
Yup, you’re right In 1617, Ferdinand II, the new King of Bohemia, changed the official religion to Catholicism. Bohemia had been a Protestant (Lutheran) area. How might have the people of Bohemia reacted? In 1617, Ferdinand II, the new King of Bohemia, changed the official religion to Catholicism. Bohemia had been a Protestant (Lutheran) area. How might have the people of Bohemia reacted?
The Thirty Years War
Why another War? Peace of Augsburg – solved nothing granted rights to Lutherans, but other Protestant religions left out an issue for Palatinate Elector = Calvinist Whose who of Protestantism majority of 300 German states = Lutheran Bohemia = Protestant Austria = supposed to be Catholic, but strong Protestant influence Swiss = Catholic & Calvinist Hungary = Protestant Peace of Augsburg – solved nothing granted rights to Lutherans, but other Protestant religions left out an issue for Palatinate Elector = Calvinist Whose who of Protestantism majority of 300 German states = Lutheran Bohemia = Protestant Austria = supposed to be Catholic, but strong Protestant influence Swiss = Catholic & Calvinist Hungary = Protestant
Why another War? War between emperor and princes It seems the “emperor” isn’t really an emperor (i.e. no power!), HRE too divided Instead we have a “Protestant Union”(1608) and a “Catholic League”(1609) determined to hold the other at bay PU supported by Dutch, English & Henry IV of France CL founded in Bavaria & backed by Spain Austrian Habsburgs would like a strong central government (nation- state); must push out Protestantism War between emperor and princes It seems the “emperor” isn’t really an emperor (i.e. no power!), HRE too divided Instead we have a “Protestant Union”(1608) and a “Catholic League”(1609) determined to hold the other at bay PU supported by Dutch, English & Henry IV of France CL founded in Bavaria & backed by Spain Austrian Habsburgs would like a strong central government (nation- state); must push out Protestantism
Characteristics of the Thirty Years War The Holy Roman Empire was the battleground. Most destructive war in Europe until WWI At the beginning it was the Catholics vs. the Protestants. At the end it was Habsburg power that was threatened. Resolved by the Treaty of Westphalia in The Holy Roman Empire was the battleground. Most destructive war in Europe until WWI At the beginning it was the Catholics vs. the Protestants. At the end it was Habsburg power that was threatened. Resolved by the Treaty of Westphalia in 1648.
Fighting Breaks Out In 1618, the Protestant kingdom of Bohemia revolted against Ferdinand II, who had now become Holy Roman Emperor. Fighting began after some Protestant officials threw Catholic officials out of a second-story window, in an event known as the Defenestration of Prague. Catholics survive - Catholic say it was because angels caught them Protestants - survived because they landed in a pile of crap Results: HRE determined to control Bohemians - Bohemians determined to free themselves from Catholic Rule In 1618, the Protestant kingdom of Bohemia revolted against Ferdinand II, who had now become Holy Roman Emperor. Fighting began after some Protestant officials threw Catholic officials out of a second-story window, in an event known as the Defenestration of Prague. Catholics survive - Catholic say it was because angels caught them Protestants - survived because they landed in a pile of crap Results: HRE determined to control Bohemians - Bohemians determined to free themselves from Catholic Rule
Defenestration of Prague
Bohemian Rebellion Protestants invite Frederick V (Protestant) to take power ruler of Palatinate (Region of South Germany) Ferdinand II will not stand by and challenges Frederick Ferdinard doesn't have an army - he borrowed Bavarian Army (Catholics) and won Frederick was defeated - AKA Winter King because he only ruled for one year Bohemian Stage of the war ended in victory for Catholics Ferdinand conquered the Palatinate by end of 1620 Protestants invite Frederick V (Protestant) to take power ruler of Palatinate (Region of South Germany) Ferdinand II will not stand by and challenges Frederick Ferdinard doesn't have an army - he borrowed Bavarian Army (Catholics) and won Frederick was defeated - AKA Winter King because he only ruled for one year Bohemian Stage of the war ended in victory for Catholics Ferdinand conquered the Palatinate by end of 1620
A Civil War This led to a civil war between Catholic and Protestant kingdoms within the Holy Roman Empire. None of the rulers could afford to pay their soldiers What might happen as a result of soldiers not being paid? This led to a civil war between Catholic and Protestant kingdoms within the Holy Roman Empire. None of the rulers could afford to pay their soldiers What might happen as a result of soldiers not being paid?
Changing Military Cultures No Feudal Military Rise of Mercenaries and military captains War is fought by set of soldiers and officers who are just out for themselves Therefore more land is destroyed No Feudal Military Rise of Mercenaries and military captains War is fought by set of soldiers and officers who are just out for themselves Therefore more land is destroyed
Other Nations Join Why would other nations join the war?
By 1635….. By 1635 Status of Protestants in central Germany is threatened Denmark entered war to protect Lutheran states Danes had no military - brushed aside Duke did very well in the first phases of the war he issued Edict of Restitution Edict of Restitution Claimed Catholic Status for Protestant territories Changed balance of power Alarmed northern Protestants and King of Sweden Gustave Adolphus By 1635 Status of Protestants in central Germany is threatened Denmark entered war to protect Lutheran states Danes had no military - brushed aside Duke did very well in the first phases of the war he issued Edict of Restitution Edict of Restitution Claimed Catholic Status for Protestant territories Changed balance of power Alarmed northern Protestants and King of Sweden Gustave Adolphus
Gustav Adolphus King of Sweden entered war to supported protestants Sweden had superior army defeated Catholics at Battle of Breitenfeld Changed Momentum to the war - Tie He is killed in Battle and Catholics have the advantage again King of Sweden entered war to supported protestants Sweden had superior army defeated Catholics at Battle of Breitenfeld Changed Momentum to the war - Tie He is killed in Battle and Catholics have the advantage again
France Enters the War Entered the War Catholic - but enters on the Protestant side to oppose Habsburgs France, Sweden vs. Spain and Habsburgs Cardinal Richelieu Choose dynastic interests of the monarch OVER religion France is enemy of the Habsburgs so they fought against the Habsburgs Clear sign of decline of religious politics Entered the War Catholic - but enters on the Protestant side to oppose Habsburgs France, Sweden vs. Spain and Habsburgs Cardinal Richelieu Choose dynastic interests of the monarch OVER religion France is enemy of the Habsburgs so they fought against the Habsburgs Clear sign of decline of religious politics
Other Nations Join “Help a brother out” Catholics versus Protestants Squeezed in the middle Take territory “Help a brother out” Catholics versus Protestants Squeezed in the middle Take territory
Domestic Effects of the War Soldiers plundered the villages and fields for food. As many as half the people in the HRE were killed in the war or starved to death, due to food shortages. Soldiers plundered the villages and fields for food. As many as half the people in the HRE were killed in the war or starved to death, due to food shortages.
Peace of Westphalia Wanted to make sure these wars would not happen again New individual nation states were created Sovereign AKA in complete control King can govern without the pope’s permission Stays out of foreign affairs, but has TOTAL control at home ABSOLUTE MONARCHS!!!!!!!!!! It revolutionized Europe – Goes from Medieval to Modern Wanted to make sure these wars would not happen again New individual nation states were created Sovereign AKA in complete control King can govern without the pope’s permission Stays out of foreign affairs, but has TOTAL control at home ABSOLUTE MONARCHS!!!!!!!!!! It revolutionized Europe – Goes from Medieval to Modern
Effects of the Thirty Years War Increased appeal of absolutism in 17th century Just like French wars of religion 30 years war leads to a rise of absolute monarchs Princes of German states imitate France Destructive power of mercenary armies - Led to the adoption of professional armies Louis XIV had the first modern army Transformative experience - moved Europe to monarchies, dynastic warfare, and professional armies Increased appeal of absolutism in 17th century Just like French wars of religion 30 years war leads to a rise of absolute monarchs Princes of German states imitate France Destructive power of mercenary armies - Led to the adoption of professional armies Louis XIV had the first modern army Transformative experience - moved Europe to monarchies, dynastic warfare, and professional armies