3.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the nervous system

3.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the nervous system 3.02 Essential Questions What are the functions of the nervous system? What are some disorders of the nervous system? How are nervous system disorders treated? How does the nervous system relate to the body’s communication systems? 3.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the nervous system

Functions of the nervous system: Neurons-transmit messages from one cell to the next In order for a nerve impulse to begin, it must have a STIMULUS. How do these functions impact health? Sensory Motor Associative 3.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the nervous system

Functions of the central nervous system: Brain Think about it… How do you use your brain? 3.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the nervous system

Functions of the central nervous system: Brain How do you use your Cerebrum? Frontal lobe Parietal lobe Occipital lobe Temporal lobe Fissures-deep grooves in the brain Sulci-shallow grooves in the brain Gyri/convolutions-elevated ridges in the brain 3.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the nervous system

Functions of the central nervous system: Brain How do you use your *Cerebrum? *Frontal lobe-*controls voluntary muscle movement, makes speech possible Parietal lobe-pain, touch, heat, cold and balance; helps to determine distance, sizes and shapes, mental processing Occipital lobe-eyesight Temporal lobe-smell, hearing, speech understanding and comprehension *The CEREBRUM is responsible for recalling information, planning and decision making! 6

Functions of the central nervous system: Brain How do you use your limbic system? What is the limbic system? Is this a new term for you? What structures are involved? What are the functions of the limbic system? How does this effect you? Can you control it? 3.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the nervous system

Functions of the central nervous system: Brain How do you use your limbic system? Influences unconscious and instinctive behavior that relate to survival The parts of the limbic system: olfactory bulb (smells associated with emotions) amygdala (emotional reactions, fear, anxiety, aggresion) hippocampus (memory, learning, new information) parahippocampus (monitors strong emotions like rage and fright) fornix maxillary body gyrus (modifies behavior and emotions), septum pellucidum 3.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the nervous system 8

Functions of the central nervous system: Brain your limbic system at work! What’s happening in these pictures? Can you control it? 3.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the nervous system

3.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the nervous system Functions of the central nervous system: Brain How do you use your cerebellum? Discuss the functions of the cerebellum illustrated in this gymnast’s picture. 3.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the nervous system 10 10

3.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the nervous system Functions of the central nervous system: Brain How do you use your cerebellum? ~Maintains balance ~Maintains muscle tone ~Muscle coordination 3.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the nervous system

Functions of the central nervous system: BRAIN Diencephalon Thalamus – spherical mass of gray matter Hypothalamus Pineal body Pituitary gland 3.01 Remember the structures of the nervous system

Functions of the central nervous system: BRAIN Diencephalon Located between the cerebrum and the midbrain Thalamus-relay station for incoming and outgoing nerve impulses and relays the messages to the cerebral cortex; damage to the thalamus may result in increased sensitivity to pain, loss of consciousness *Hypothalamus-located below the thalamus; part of the limbic system, considered the “brain” of the brain; controls blood pressure, regulates heart beat, helps maintain normal body temperature, regulates the amount of food ingested, controls weight, manufactures oxytocin (contracts the uterus), increases peristalsis, emotions (fear/pleasure), sleep control, mind–over body experiences Pineal body Pituitary gland 3.01 Remember the structures of the nervous system

Functions of the central nervous system: Brain How do you use your brain stem? Midbrain Pons Medulla oblongata 3.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the nervous system

Functions of the central nervous system: Brain How do you use your brain stem? Midbrain-contains reflex centers for vision and hearing Pons-serves as a two-way conductive pathway for nerve impulses between the cerebrum, cerebellum and other areas of the nervous system, controls respiration. Medulla oblongata-bulb shaped and located between the pons and the spinal cord; contains the body’s “vital centers”; controls heart rate, respiratory rate, vasoconstrictor center that affects blood pressure, center for swallowing and vomiting 3.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the nervous system 15

Functions of the central nervous system: Brain Discuss the relevance of the brain stem for these functions? 3.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the nervous system

Functions of the central nervous system: Spinal Cord Carries messages from the sensory neurons to the brain for interpretation and then carries the response to the muscles and glands. Serves as a reflex center for the body. Brain Body Structures 3.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the nervous system

Functions of the Peripheral nervous system Also called sensory-somatic nervous system Cranial Spinal What do the peripheral nerves do? Contains all the nerves that connect the brain and spinal cord with sensory receptors, muscles and glands. What is their relevance to health? 3.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the nervous system

Functions of the peripheral nervous system: Autonomic nervous system Discuss the functions of the autonomic nervous system. 3.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the nervous system

Functions of the peripheral nervous system: *Autonomic nervous system *Think “AUTOMATIC”! The autonomic nervous system conducts impulses from the brain and spinal cord to smooth muscle tissue; it is involuntary. Two parts of the AUTONOMIC NS: *Sympathetic speeds up activities “fight or flight response” Ex: Involved in an accident, or about to get into a fight—the body reacts (Increases heart rate, breathing, dry mouth) VS: *Parasympathetic use the vagus and pelvic nerves to counteract The effects of the sympathetic system; heart rate decreases, breathing slows down, fatigue sets in. 20 20

Functions of the nervous system Discuss the relevance of the nervous system to the body’s communication systems. 3.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the nervous system

Disorders of the nervous system and their treatments Alzheimer’s disease-progressive disease, the nerve endings in the brain degenerate and block signals that pass between nerve cells; unknown cause Who is at the greatest risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease? aging adults, family history Symptoms: occurs in 3 stages; 1st stage: confusion, short-term memory loss, anxiety, poor judgment; 2nd stage: increased memory loss, difficulty recognizing people, motor and logic problems, loss of social skills; 3rd stage: inability to recognize self, weight loss, seizures, mood swings, aphasia (loss of speech) How is it treated? Meds to minimize the symptoms How is it prevented? Staying physically active may lower the risk for developing Alzheimer’s

Disorders of the nervous system and their treatments Multiple Causes cause cause Cerebral palsy A disturbance in voluntary muscle action due to brain damage; there are abnormalities in the part of the brain that causes movement. Symptoms: spastic paralysis, head rolling, grimacing, difficulty with speech and swallowing; usually normal intelligence Which healthcare team members will take care of the patient with cerebral palsy? cause cause cause 3.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the nervous system

Disorders of the nervous system and their treatments *Epilepsy-seizure disorder due to a recurring and excessive discharge of neurons; abnormal electrical impulses of the brain. *Symptoms: repetitive motion/movements, jerking of muscles (seizures), hallucinations, loss of consciousness Treatment: Anticonvulsant medications Should a person with epilepsy be allowed to drive? 3.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the nervous system

Disorders of the nervous system and their treatments Hydrocephalus Hydro- cephal -us Increased cerebrospinal fluid in the ventricles of the brain due to a blockage Who is most likely to develop hydrocephalus? How is it treated? A bypass shunt to divert the fluid 3.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the nervous system

Disorders of the nervous system and their treatments *Meningitis-inflammation of the lining of the brain and spinal cord What *causes of meningitis? Bacteria or virus What are the *symptoms? Fever, stiff neck, severe headache, nausea, vomiting *Lumbar puncture may be required to diagnose meningitis (a needle is used to withdraw cerebrospinal fluid) How is it *treated? Antibiotics if bacterial

Disorders of the nervous system and their treatments Multiple sclerosis-chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system in which immune cells attack the myelin sheath of axons; scar tissue is left on the nerve cells and nerve impulses are blocked. Symptoms: extremity weakness, numbness, double vision, nystagmus (eye tremors), speech problems, loss of coordination, paralysis Who is most likely to develop it? Young adults, 20-40, mostly women How is it treated? Medications to slow progression, rest, exercise, minimal stress 3.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the nervous system

Disorders of the nervous system and their treatments Neuritis-inflammation of a nerve by a infection, chemicals, chronic alcoholism neur- -itis Discuss the terms. Symptoms: Severe pain, hypersensitivity, loss of sensation, muscular atrophy, weakness, paresthesia (tingling, burning, crawling skin) How is neuritis prevented? 3.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the nervous system

Disorders of the nervous system and their treatments *Paralysis “disabling of a nerve” Hemiplegia is common following a stroke; one side of the body is paralyzed. Quadriplegia involves loss of movement in all 4 extremities, including loss of bowel, bladder and sexual function. *Paraplegia is paralysis of the lower extremities due to a spinal cord injury

Disorders of the nervous system and their treatments *Parkinson’s disease-may be caused by a decrease in the dopamine transmitter *Symptoms: tremors, shuffling gait, pill-rolling movement, rigid muscles Who is most likely to have this disorder? Hereditary, more common in men Treatment: L-dopa, meds to control the symptoms 3.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the nervous system

Disorders of the nervous system and their treatments *Poliomyelitis-a viral disease of the nerve pathways of the spinal cord which causes paralysis How can it be prevented? immunization How is it treated? Supportive treatment, bedrest, treat the symptoms *Polio has almost been eradicated in the U.S. due to immunization! Yay! 3.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the nervous system

Disorders of the *CENTRAL nervous system and their treatments *Spinal cord injury-damage to the spinal cord *Symptoms: The site of the injury and the degree of the injury determine whether paralysis will occur and whether it will the temporary or permanent; patient may experience difficulty breathing and unable to move body parts; C1-C3 injury usually fatal. How is it treated? Emergency treatment is aimed at preventing further injury-DO NOT move the victim, realignment, stabilization, release of pressure on the spinal cord, surgery, medications may be necessary 3.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the nervous system

Disorders of the nervous system and their treatments West Nile Virus-mosquito-borne virus; spread to humans by a mosquito bite Where is the greatest incidence of West Nile virus? Western and Midwestern states What are the risk factors? Time of year, time spent outside How is it prevented? Avoid exposure, empty standing water, wear long sleeved shirts, long pants, mosquito repellent How is it treated? Treat the symptoms 3.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the nervous system

Disorders of the nervous system and their treatments What are some common symptoms of neurological disorders? What are some common prognoses? Why do these commonalities exist? 3.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the nervous system

3.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the nervous system 3.02 Essential Questions What are the functions of the nervous system? What are some disorders of the nervous system? How are nervous system disorders treated? How does the nervous system relate to the body’s communication systems? 3.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the nervous system

3.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the nervous system 3.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the nervous system The end 3.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the nervous system