BrainDaysIntroduction 14:00-14:45 The rest of the brain 16:30-17:15 Limbic System 14:00-14:45 16:30-17:15 Circuits & functional neuroanatomy Telencephalon 5th Floor Anatomical Drawing Class Room # :30-17:15

Kaan Yücel M.D.,Ph.D.

Learning Objectives Explain the neuron types and the concepts of axon and dendirite Explain the concepts of “cortex”, “grey matter” and “white matter” Explain the parts of the brain

1. What is inside the skull? Meninges CSF Neuron Cortex Neuroglia Grey matter Axons White matter Tracts Tracts Hemispheres Lobes Sulcus & gyrus Sulcus & gyrus Arteries & Veins

2. Neuron 100 billion neurons in the brain share a number of common features: Cell body metabolic center of the neuron Dendrites receives connections from other neurons.Axon transmits information to other neurons Presynaptic terminals

2. Neuron Synapse terminal region of the axon where one neuron forms a connection with another and conveys information through the process of synaptic transmission. To communicate with the postsynaptic cell, the presynaptic neuron needs to release a chemical messenger. Neurotransmitters Acetylcholine Memory Acetylcholine MemoryAdrenaline Dopamine Reward, addiction Dopamine Reward, addictionHistamineNoradrenaline Serotonin Mood Serotonin Mood

3. Neuroglia Non-neuronal supporting cells Macroglia Microglia Ependymal cells

4. Cortex - Grey matter Grey matter Nerve cells bodies grouped into large aggregates 1) Arranged in sheaths as in the cerebral cortex nucleus 2) A smaller collection of nerve cell bodies: nucleus Two types of arrangement

5. White matter - Tracts Processes of neurons Many axons are in a myelin sheath- looks whiteFasciculi Axons collected into small bundlesTracts Certain larger fiber bundlesFuniculi Large bundles

6. White matter types Wakana S, Jiang H, Nagae-Poetscher LM, van Zijl PC, Mori S. Fiber tract-based atlas of human white matter anatomy. Radiology. 2004;230: Association fibres  Cingulum  Fasciculus longitudinales superior & inferior  Fasciculus uncinatus (Uncinate fasciculus) Commissural fibers  Corpus Callosum  Commissura anterior Projection fibers  Corona radiata  Capsula interna L R

7. Gyrus & Sulcus & Fissure Typically continuous sulci Interhemispheric fissure (Longitudinal cerebral fissure) Sylvian fissure (Lateral fissure) Parieto-occipital fissure Collateral sulcus Central sulcus Calcarine Sulcus Primary sulci Primary sulci Secondary sulci Secondary sulci Tertiary sulci Tertiary sulci

7. Gyrus & Sulcus & Fissure SULCI-depressions- DIVIDE THE BRAIN INTO GYRI -elevations- LOBES are MADE UP BY GYRI

8. Parts of the brain Two hemispheres Interhemispheric fissure -Longitudinal cerebral fissure- Falx cerebri Corpus callosum

8. Parts of the brain Cerebellum+Pons FOREBRAIN HINDBRAIN

MIDBRAIN PONS MEDULLA OBLONGATA

Anterior border Frontal pole Posterior border Central sulcus Inferior border Slyvian [lateral] fissure Anterior 1/3 of the cerebral cortex

Anterior border Central sulcus Posterior border Parieto-occipital sulcus Inferior border Slyvian [lateral] fissure

Anterior border Temporal pole Posterior border An imaginary line passing through the parieto- occipital sulcus from the pre-occipital notch Superior border Slyvian [lateral] fissure

Anterior border Parieto-occipital sulcus Posterior border Occipital pole

FRONTAL LOBE Primary motor area Broca’s area –speech production- Higher cognitive functioning «executive functions» Problem solving, decision making, abstract thinking, reasoning, working memory, etc. PARIETAL LOBE Primary sensory areas Somatosensory function TEMPORAL LOBE Primary auidotory cortex Wernicke’s area- comphrension- Memory Mood regulation Emotinal memory OCCIPITAL LOBE Visual cortex

Midbrain

9. Meninges Dura mater (dura): tough, thick external fibrous layer Arachnoid mater (arachnoid): thin intermediate layer Pia mater (pia): delicate internal vasculated layer

Dural sections

10. CSF [Cerebrospinal fluid] Lateral ventricles Third ventricle Fourth ventricle

Kaan’s first PhD: Telencephalon [in Turkish]