The English Civil War

At this time in history, France was an absolutist government, whereas England was a parliamentary monarchy. What’s the difference?

Major Issues King vs. Parliament –Does the King or Parliament have more authority? What would the Anglican Church look like? –Presbyterian/Puritan Rule by local and regional church officials –Episcopal/Anglican Rule from King, Archbishop, etc.

The Stuart Monarchy It all starts after Elizabeth dies…

Inherited Elizabeth’s issues –Frustrated Parliament –Puritans Sought to “purify” the Anglican church of its Catholic elements Looked at as an “outsider” Believed in Divine Right Wanted to tax without Parliament Anglican –Opposed the Puritans James I (r ) Son of Mary, Queen of Scots

King James I Parliament only met when James wanted it to. (rarely did) Debt problem = impositions (custom duties) –Parliament opposed such taxes ***Rather then fight with James I, they simply work behind his back throughout his reign***

Religion and James I Did not give into Puritan demands –offends them by allowing sports on Sundays (Book of Sports) During his reign religious dissenters started to leave England (1620, Puritans set up Plymouth Colony in America) New version of the Bible (King James)

King James Bible, 1611

Scandal and Corruption Governed by favorites Duke of Buckingham (sold titles, angered nobility) James regarded himself as a peacemaker –1604, negotiated a peace with Spain (looked at as a pro-catholic example) –Did this b/c he didn’t want to rely on Parliaments approval for tax hikes Towards his death, England entered war with Spain.

Charles I (r ) Further challenged Parliament Agreed to sign the Petition of Right –Promised to consult Parliament for taxes –Ignored it : Ruled without Parliament Quartered soldiers Forced loans (imprisoned people who didn’t pay) “Ship Money” Married Louis XIII’s sister

The Petition of Right, 1628

Archbishop William Laud ( ) Imposed the Anglican doctrine on Scotland (Book of Common Prayer) –Scotland revolted, –Now Charles needed money (Had to call parliament) The Short Parliament, 1640 The Long Parliament,

The Short Parliament 1640 Charles needed money for war, asked parliament, they said he needed to address their grievances before they would give money. Charles responded by dissolving parliament.

Long Parliament Laud was imprisoned, later executed Ship money = illegal King couldn’t levy taxes w/o parliament’s consent No more then 3 years could lapse between meetings, and parliament could not be dissolve w/o its own consent.

The Start of the Civil War 1642: Charles intends to arrest members of Parliament

Civil War ( ) Royalists (Cavaliers) Parliamentarians (Roundheads) House of Lords N & W England Aristocracy Large landowners Church officials More rural, less prosperous House of Commons S & E England Puritans Scotland Merchants Townspeople More urban, more prosperous

Civil War Two main issues: –1. What type of government would rule over England? –2. What would become of English religion? Conform to high Anglican, or Presbyterian?

Oliver Cromwell Puritan Iron discipline “New Model” Army

The End of the War Charles is taken prisoner in 1648 “Pride’s Purge” (Thomas Pride) –Moderates (Presbyterians) are purged from Parliament The “Rump Parliament” (mostly Puritan) votes to execute Charles I

The Beheading of Charles I, 1649

Oliver Cromwell ( ) The “Interregnum” Period ( ) The Commonwealth ( ) -Rule by Parliament The Protectorate ( ) -Dictatorship under Cromwell -Lord Protector

England under Cromwell Strictly Puritan Conquered Scotland Brutalized Ireland Treated the Anglicans much like Charles treated Puritans Banned drunkenness, theatergoing, and dancing.

The Restoration King Charles II (r ) Undid Cromwell’s strict rules Favored religious toleration Had secret Catholic sympathies

Charles II’s Foreign Policy 1665 – 1667: Second Anglo-Dutch War Fought against the Dutch with Louis XIV - in return Charles received money (the secret Treaty of Dover 1670) - he converted on his death bed

King James II (r ) Goal was absolutism Overtly Catholic Repealed test act Dissolved parliament Appointed only Catholics to high positions Driven out by Parliament

The “Glorious” Revolution: 1688 William of Orange Mary Stuart (James II’s Protestant daughter) King William III (r ) and Queen Mary II

English Bill of Rights (1689) Established Parliamentary authority

Queen Anne (r ) The last of the Stuarts The Act of Settlement (1701) – No Catholic monarchs –No “Pretenders”