The Quest for Massive Protostars Sergio Molinari IFSI-CNR, Roma S. Pezzuto, L. IFSI-CNR, Roma L. Testi, R. Cesaroni, F. Palla, F. Fontani,

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The Quest for Massive Protostars Sergio Molinari IFSI-CNR, Roma S. Pezzuto, L. IFSI-CNR, Roma L. Testi, R. Cesaroni, F. Palla, F. Fontani, M.T. Beltran, L. INAF Arcetri J. IRA – CNR, Bologna L.F. UNAM, Mexico Q. CfA Harvard, USA Istituto di Astrofisica Spaziale e Fisica CosmicaIstituto di Fisica dello Spazio Interplanetario Roma, novembre 2003 Relatore: Sergio Molinari

The Project Motivation –Is a pre-H-burning phase observable during the formation of a High-Mass star ? Approach –Source Selection from IRAS-PSC2 Candidate UCHII presursors sample Control sample –Observational properties Istituto di Astrofisica Spaziale e Fisica CosmicaIstituto di Fisica dello Spazio Interplanetario Relatore: Sergio Molinari Roma, novembre 2003

Database Istituto di Astrofisica Spaziale e Fisica CosmicaIstituto di Fisica dello Spazio Interplanetario Relatore: Sergio Molinari Roma, novembre 2003 Data for the best candidates sample OVRO - HCO + (1-0), H 13 CO + (1-0), 3.4mm continuum Palomar Observatory (60 and 200) m images and 450 m continuum maps SEST – 850 m maps VLA – NH 3 (1,1) and (2,2) maps, 3.6cm continuum IRAM-30m - HCO + (1-0), CS(3-2), and many more NRAO-12m – CO(2-1) FCRAO-14m – CS(3-2), C 34 S(3-2), HCO + (1-0) ISO-CAM – 6.75 and 15 m images - J, H, K s, images - J, H, K s, images – 10 m images Data for the greater sample MPIfR-100m – NH 3 (1,1) & (2,2) VLA – 2 and 6 cm snapshots - (sub)millimeter photometry Molinari et al. 1996, 1998a, 2000 Molinari et al. 1998b, 2002 Brand et al Zhang et al Fontani et al. 2003, 2004 Molinari et al. In preparation

Istituto di Astrofisica Spaziale e Fisica CosmicaIstituto di Fisica dello Spazio Interplanetario Relatore: Sergio Molinari ISO OVRO - HCO + Warm Dust & Dense Gas UKIRT IRAM - HCO + Roma, novembre 2003

Warm Dust, Cold Dust & Free-free Istituto di Astrofisica Spaziale e Fisica CosmicaIstituto di Fisica dello Spazio Interplanetario Relatore: Sergio Molinari Roma, novembre 2003

Mol160 Mol119 Near IR – JHK composite Istituto di Astrofisica Spaziale e Fisica CosmicaIstituto di Fisica dello Spazio Interplanetario Relatore: Sergio Molinari Roma, novembre 2003

The Current Picture An Evolutionary sequence is observed in High-Mass Star Formation, from Warm Cores to Hot Cores to UCHII More Massive stars form in clusters, and appear to be the last ones to form Accretion plays a dominant role Coalescence is important in the very early stages (pre- warm core), if ever. Istituto di Astrofisica Spaziale e Fisica CosmicaIstituto di Fisica dello Spazio Interplanetario Relatore: Sergio Molinari Roma, novembre 2003 We are just at the beginning

Key Open Problems Timeline of the Star Formation Process –Influence of metallicity, proximity to spiral arms, etc. Star Formation Modes –Fast vs Slow Star Formation Triggers –Spontaneous/Induced Herschel Istituto di Astrofisica Spaziale e Fisica CosmicaIstituto di Fisica dello Spazio Interplanetario Relatore: Sergio Molinari Roma, novembre 2003

MSX 8-20 m composite From IRAS to Herschel Istituto di Astrofisica Spaziale e Fisica CosmicaIstituto di Fisica dello Spazio Interplanetario Relatore: Sergio Molinari Roma, novembre 2003

Herschel Infrared Galactic Plane Survey m photometric imaging 4-36 FWHM spatial resolution Sensitivity Spatial coverage ~2000 square degrees 100 days Istituto di Astrofisica Spaziale e Fisica CosmicaIstituto di Fisica dello Spazio Interplanetario Relatore: Sergio Molinari Roma, novembre 2003 Saraceno et al MSX PACS SPIRE

Science Themes Star Formation Timeline Main Sequence and Post-MSHigh-Energy Phenomena Dust Life-Cycle InterStellar Medium Istituto di Astrofisica Spaziale e Fisica CosmicaIstituto di Fisica dello Spazio Interplanetario Relatore: Sergio Molinari Roma, novembre 2003 Star Formation Modes and Triggers

The Consortium IFSI-CNR S. Molinari P. Saraceno A.M. DiGiorgio S. Pezzuto S. Viti M. Benedettini L. Montinaro L. Spinoglio Arcetri Obs. L. Testi R. Cesaroni P. Caselli M. Felli F. Palla M. Walmsley Univ. Roma 1 S. Masi Univ. of Cardiff M. Griffin D. Ward-Thompson RAL B. Swinyard Univ. of Kent G. White ATC G. Wright CESR J.P. Bernard M. Giard IAS A. Abergel F. Boulanger P. Cox LAM J.P. Baluteau A. Zavagno CEA P. Andre` F. Motte IAP A. Omont IPAC/Caltech A. Noriega-Crespo G. Helou B. Ali B. Schulz K. Ganga UC Berkeley M. Cohen JPL H. Yorke Stockholm Obs. G. Olofsson HERSCHEL Science Center G. Pilbratt Istituto di Astrofisica Spaziale e Fisica CosmicaIstituto di Fisica dello Spazio Interplanetario Relatore: Sergio Molinari Roma, novembre 2003

Istituto di Astrofisica Spaziale e Fisica CosmicaIstituto di Fisica dello Spazio Interplanetario Relatore: Sergio Molinari Roma, novembre 2003