Unit 4: Finding the Evidence 2016 Intro Video: In-Text Citations

HOW DO YOU ADD YOUR EVIDENCE? You have three options:  Paraphrasing  Summarizing  Direct Citation

Evidence Option 1: Paraphrase  Paraphrase your evidence: to insert evidence from source that include ALL important details but told in your own words

Original Sentence: “The National Association for Single-Sex Public Education estimates that approximately 400 public schools now offer some form of single-sex education.”

Inappropriate Paraphrase: 400 public schools offer some form of single-sex education according to the National Association for Single-Sex Public Education. Why does this not work? It is too close to the original text. Just rearranging the sentence with a few words added is not stating in your own words.

Appropriate Paraphrase:  Even though the majority of public schools are coed, as many as 400 public schools offer some type of single-sex education.

Original Evidence: “More than one-third of Americans feel parents should have the option of sending their child to a single-sex school. (25% of respondents oppose the idea.)”

Inappropriate Paraphrase: While 25% of respondents oppose the idea, more than one-third of parents feel that they should be able to have the option to send their child to a single-sex school.

Appropriate Paraphrase

Evidence Option 2: Summarize  Summarize: To state in your own words ONLY the central idea of the evidence being used.

Original Evidence: “Students in single-sex classrooms will one day live and work side-by-side with members of the opposite sex. Educating students in single-sex schools limits their opportunity to work cooperatively and co-exist successfully with members of the opposite sex.”

Inappropriate Summary: Students in single-sex schools are limited in their opportunity to work with and be with members of the opposite sex. One day, students in these single-sex classrooms will work and live amongst the opposite sex, and this does not help them prepare for the working world.

Appropriate Summary  Remember should be in your own words  Does not necessarily have to be specific – should just address the main point / central idea of the text.  Ask yourself, what is this evidence’s point? Why is it important? Why am I using it?

Option 3: Direct Citation  Direction Citation: Copying a piece of evidence from a source word for word

For direct citations, use transitions such as…  According to….  For example….  For instance….

Exercise: Plagiarized, Paraphrased, or Summary? Original Passage Students frequently overuse direct citations in taking notes, and as a result they overuse quotations in the final research paper. Probably only about 10% of your final manuscript should appear as directly quoted matter. Therefore, you should strive to limit the amount of exact transcribing of source materials while taking notes. Lester, James D. Writing Research Papers. 2 nd ed. (1976): 46-47

Plagiarized, Paraphrase or Summary?  In research papers students often quote excessively, failing to keep quoted material down to a desirable level. Since the problem usually originates during note taking, it is essential to minimize the material recorded word for word (Lester 46-47). Paraphrase!

Plagiarized, Paraphrase or Summary?  Students should take just a few notes in direct citations from sources to help minimize the amount of quoted material in a research paper (Lester 46-47). Summary!

Plagiarized, Paraphrase or Summary? Students often use too many direct citations when they take notes, resulting in too many of them in the final research paper. In fact, probably only about 10% of the final copy should consist of directly cited material. So it is important to limit the amount of source material copied while taking notes. Plagiarized!

After adding evidence you must have a CITATION  Add a citation to avoid…. Plagiarism!

When adding a citation…  Place a citation as close to the cited or paraphrased material as possible without disrupting the sentence.  Citations usually appear after the final quotation mark and before the period.

Cite with one author  If source of the following direct citation was from an article written by Robert Jones titled “LifeMap: The Key to Success in a Growing World”  “LifeMap is a guide to help you figure out your career and educational goals” (Jones).

Cite with two or three authors:  THE LRC has many electronic sources (Jones and Wilson).

Cite with no author:  Many see so many global warming hotspots in North America likely because this region has "more readily accessible climatic data and more comprehensive programs to monitor and study environmental change..." (“LifeMap: The Key To Success).