Haiti Mexico South America

 Enlightenment thought  American Revolution  French Revolution  Social classes  Slavery (Haiti)

 French colony occupying the western third of Hispaniola  Largest and valuable island in the Western Hemisphere  Perfect climate for sugar, coffee, and cotton plantations  Produced 30% of the world’s sugar and 50% of coffee  Trade with the island accounted for ½ of France’s foreign trade and equaled that of the United States  500,000 slaves lived and worked on the island  1789 – sporadic slave revolts occur during the early stages of the French Revolution  How would the FR help launch the Haitian Revolution?  By 1791, 100,000 slaves rebelled demanding natural rights and an end to slavery

Former slave Property owner Led slave uprising Guerilla tactics against the British and the French

French perspectives of revolution

Haitian Perspective

 Revolution continues unabated since 1789  British and Spanish forces invade island in 1793  Why?  Haitian colonial government grants freedom to slaves in 1793  Why?  French government grants freedom in 1794  Consolidated mulatto/slave forces defeat foreign invasion under T’Lo by 1799

Napoleon reinstitutes slavery and attempts to reconquer the island Why would Napoleon reinstitute slavery

35,000 strong French army destroy island and inhabitants Never pacify whole island Malaria and yellow fever devastate French forces French forces withdraw in ,000 killed Island declared independent in 1804 United under Jean Jacques Dessalines Leclerc’s, the commanding general, letter to Napoleon regarding the situation on St. Domingue “50 prisoners have been hung; these men die with an incredible fanaticism; they laugh at death; it is the same with women…it appears to me from the orders that you send me that you have not got a clear idea of my position here…It is not enough to have taken away Toussaint. Here is my opinion. You will have to exterminate all the blacks in the mountains, women as well as men. Except for children under twelve. Wipe out half the population of the lowlands, and do not leave in the colony a single black who has worn an epaulet…Send 12,000 replacements immediately, and 10 million francs in cash, or St. Domingue is lost forever.”

 Cry of Dolores launches revolution against the Spanish  Padre Morelos keeps fighting after Hidalgo’s execution  Iturbide, a Creole officer fighting for Spain, defeats Morelos  1820 – Revolution led by Iturbide and the creole class defeat Spanish  Why would Iturbide revolt?  1821 – Mexican independence

 Mexican state established in 1821  Mexico ruled by Santa Anna (1830s-1850s) – caudillo with terrible foreign policy.  Lose territory and prestige  Mexico attempts to reform and liberalize under Benito Juarez  Juarez (1860s-1876) – progressive, liberal ruler Redistribute land and help poor  La Reforma  Coup occurs placing Porfirio Diaz in control  Diaz ( ) – conservative, autocratic ruler  Rulers through fear: “bread or club”  Discontent with Diaz leads to a popular revolution/civil war in 1910

Santa Anna Benito Juarez Porfirio Diaz

Ends with the creation of Caranza’s Constitution Constitution of 1917 Promote social equality Gender equality Minimum wage 6 year presidential term limit Mexico governed by the same constitution today

Spanish and Portuguese Colonies

Brazilian Independence

 Napoleon’s influence  Royal family fled Portugal for Rio de Janiero in 1807  Post 1815 the royal family returned to Portugal  Son (Dom Pedro) stayed behind to rule  Brazilian creoles wouldn’t accept a return to colonial status  Petition to have Dom Pedro independently rule Brazil  Independence was granted bloodlessly in Slavery and monarchy exist and dominate society until the late 1800s. Slavery abolished in 1888; Monarchy in 1889