Streptococcus mutans Erin Parker http://wwwdelivery.superstock.com/WI/223/4102/PreviewComp/SuperStock_4102-5867.jpg http://wwwdelivery.superstock.com/WI/223/4102/PreviewComp/SuperStock_4102-5867.jpg

Goal The learner will understand the role Streptococcus mutans plays in dental caries http://static.buzzear.net/imagenes/posts/thumbs/d/d/dd2ed72a6ca8747b014b39899d9df64e.jpeg http://static.buzzear.net/imagenes/posts/thumbs/d/d/dd2ed72a6ca8747b014b39899d9df64e.jpeg

Objectives After this presentation the learner will be able to : 1. Identify Streptococcus mutans as an etiologic agent of dental carries. 2. Discus various routes of transmission exhibited by S. mutans. 3. Understand and recognize symptoms of dental carries.

Objectives 4. Evaluate a proper diagnosis of dental carries. 5. Assess risk factors and susceptibility of dental carries caused by S. mutans. 6. Choose an appropriate treatment for dental carries. 7. Suggest ways to prevent dental carries.

What are Dental Caries? Holes or structural damage in the teeth Most common of all disorders second to the common cold Common cause of tooth loss http://www.mayoclinic.com/images/image_popup/de7_cavities.jpg

What Causes Dental Carries? Multi-factorial disease Streptococcus mutans is the main cariogenic bacteria S. sobrunis and lactobacillus can also cause a role but must have S. mutans present to colonize http://www.indianhealthguru.com/images/C_image002.gif

Streptococcus mutans Gram positive cocci Veridans group, majority are α-hemolytic, also β- and γ-hemolytic Ferments sugars especially sucrose VP(+), urease(-), Arg (-) Hard to pick colonies on Sucrose Agar, Dextran positive

Virulence Factors Formation of acid from sugars Glucans: uses glucosyltransferase to convert sucrose to glucans which promote adherence, energy stores, and biofilm accumulation Acid tolerence http://www.nature.com/nrmicro/journal/v1/n3/images/nrmicro771-f1.gif http://www.nature.com/nrmicro/journal/v1/n3/images/nrmicro771-f1.gif

Routes of Transmission Formation of Dental Biofilm Vertical: Mother to Child Horizontal: Non-maternal transfer Window of Infectivity: teething, molar emergence, sucrose consumption, immunological conditions of children http://jos.dent.nihon-u.ac.jp/journal/47/2/059.pdf Journal of Oral Science, Vol. 47, No. 2, 59-64, 2005 Correspondence to Dr. Reginaldo B. Gonçalves, Department of Oral Diagnostics, Faculty of Dentistry of Piracicaba, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil Av. Limeira, 901 - Areião - Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil 13414-903 - Caixa Postal 052 Tel: + 55-19-3412-5379 Fax: + 55-19-3412-5218 E-mail: reginald@fop.unicamp.br Transmission, diversity and virulence factors of Streptococcus mutans genotypes Marcelo Henrique Napimoga, Jose Francisco Höfling, Marlise Inez Klein, Regianne Umeko Kamiya and Reginaldo Bruno Gonçalves Department of Oral Diagnostics, Faculty of Dentistry of Piracicaba, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil (Received 3 December 2004 and accepted 9 April 2005) Review

Symptoms Could be mild Toothaches, severe to mild Sensitivity to cold and hot foods Holes on surface of teeth Severe swelling of jawbone and intense pain should be considered and emergency

Diagnosis X-Rays : More common and cost effective To Identify the cariogenic agent: Mitis-Salivarius agar and TYC agar with Bacitracin Selective for Streptococcus species Sucrose makes it differential because of formation of glucans and distinctive frosted glass appearance This medium contains the selective agents crystal violet, potassium tellurite and trypan blue. http://users.ipfw.edu/merkel/Salivabugs.gif

Who is at Risk? Pediatric population Poor Hygiene Everyone http://www.indianhealthguru.com/images/C_image002.gif

What's the Prognosis and is there a Treatment? Both depend of the Patient Mild caries= Flouride treatment (remineralization) Fillings Crowns Root canals Very bad= Loss of tooth Critical= Systemic infection Usually more cosmetic than life threatening

Is Dental Carries Preventable? Easier for some than others Good oral hygiene Sugar consumption “Gold Standard”=Chlorohexidine Photochemical essential oils “The effect of Mentha spicata and Eucalyptus camaldulensis essential oils on dental biofilm.” Green tea: ↓ acidity “A pilot study of the role of green tea use on oral health

References Awadalla, H. I., Ragab, M. H., Bassuoni, M. W., Fayed, M. T., & Abbas, M. O. (2011). A pilot study of the role of green tea use on oral health. International Journal of Dental Hygiene, 9, 110-116. Baron, E. J., Jorgensen, J. H., Pfaller, M. A., & Yolken, R. H. (2003). Manual of clinical. In P. R. Murray (Ed.), Washington, D.C.: Microbiology Press. Mahon, C. R., Lehman, D. C., & Manuselis, G. (2011). Textbook of diagnostic microbiology. Maryland Hights, Missouri: Saunders Elsevier. Rasooli, I., Shayegh, S., & Astaneh, S. A. (2009). The effect of mentha spicata and eucalyptus camaldulensis essential oils on dental biofilm. International Journal of Dental Hygiene, 7, 196-203. (2012, ). Retrieved from American Dental Association website: www.gsa.ada.org 2011, ). Streptococci and oral streptococci. Retrieved from The Oral Environment website: http://www.ncl.ac.uk/dental/oralbiol/oralenv/tutorials/streps.htm http://www.localhealth.com/article/dental-caries http://www.ebi.ac.uk/2can/genomes/bacteria/Streptococcus_mutans.html

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