Histology and embryology Female genital system Histology and embryology

Development development of gonads development of ducts development of external genitalia

Indifferent gonads

Development of ovaries from 12th week primary sex cords disappears (rete) development of cortical cords surrounds primordial germ cells development of follicles with oogonia surface epithelium simple cuboideal  mesovarium tunica albuginea

Development of ducts mesonephric ducts and tubules degenerate (epioophorone) paramesonephric ducts cranial part – uterine tubes caudal parts fuse – uterovaginal primordium formation of broad ligament

Development of vagina mesenchyme between US and VP - hymen from uterovaginal primordium and urogenital sinus (US) two sinovaginal bulbs appearing of vaginal plate (VP) elongation and luminization (11th week) mesenchyme between US and VP - hymen

Development of external genitalia indifferent stage (4th-7th week) genital tubercle urogenital folds labioscrotal folds female genitalia clitoris labia minora labia majora

Descensus ovarii relative descent (elongation of body) gubernaculum lig. susp. ovarii, lig. teres uteri

Development disorders hermaphroditism true: both gonads (testes and ovaries) pseudohermaphroditisms: female - virilization of ext. genitalia (CAH) male -  testosteronu, AMH (sy testicular feminization) uterus duplex, uterus septus…

Female genital system ovary uterine (fallopian) tube womb (uterus) vagina external genitalia

Ovary cortex (cortical zone) medulla (vascular zone) simple cuboideal epithelium tunica albuginea loose con. tissue, fibroblasts, collagen and reticular fibres ovarian follicles medulla (vascular zone) collagenous tissue, vessels, nerves

Primordial follicles one layer of flattened follicular cells oocyte

Primary follicles follicular cells proliferate zona pellucida cuboideal to columnar on basal lamina appearance of lipid granules - granulosa cells zona pellucida between follicular cells and oocyte - glycoproteins theca folliculi surrounding tissue and cells

Secondary follicles small cavities between fol. cells fusing of cavities – formation of antrum folliculi fulfilled with fluid - liquor folliculi oocyte is peripherally - cumulus oophorus surrounded by granulosa cells - corona radiata theca differentiates into: theca interna - fibroblasts  theca cells production of estrogens, vessels theca externa – con. tissue, smooth muscle

Terciar follicles (Graafian) prominent on the surface of ovary-macula pellucida -> bad blood supply of covering tissue rupture and releasing of oocyte with corona radiata to uterine tube

Corpus luteum develops from empty Graafian follicle corpus luteum graviditatis in function till 4th month of gravidity corpus luteum menstruationis functional for 10-12 days (24th-26th day of cycle) finally – corpus luteum change to corpus albicans – con. tissue, disappears c.a.graviditatis - remains

Corpus luteum in the centre is blood clot granulosa-lutein cells produce of progesterone and estrogens contains lutein – yellow color theca-lutein cells produce progesterone and androstedione capsule from theca externa - septa ingrowth of vessels

Atresia of follicles degeneration of follicles – about 99% primord. follicles – completely disappears others – degeneration of cells and formation of scar theca cells – produce androgens

Ovarian cycle follicular phase (1st - 13th day) ovulation (14th day) maturation of follicle FSH ovulation (14th day) peak of LH and FSH luteal phase (15th to 28th day) function of corpus luteum LH and FSH

Slides slide G1 - ovarium of female HE slide G3 – ovary of rabbit HE slide G2 – corpus luteum HE

G1 – Ovary of female HE

G3 – Ovary of rabbit HE

G2 – Corpus luteum

Uterine tube tunica mucosa – forms folds simple columnar epi with cilia secretory cells – support of oocyte  to the uterus, in the second half on cycle ciliated cells – transport of oocyte lamina propria mucosae tunica muscularis -  to the uterus inner - circular; outer - longitudinal tunice serosa - vessel

Fallopian tube (Tuba uterina)

slide G4 - tuba uterina - isthmus slide G5 - tuba uterina - ampulla Slides slide G4 - tuba uterina - isthmus slide G5 - tuba uterina - ampulla

G4 – Uterine tube – isthmus HE

G5 – Uterine tube – ampula HE

Womb (Uterus) corpus uteri isthmus uteri cervix uteri fundus uteri portio supravaginalis portio vaginalis

Corpus uteri tunica seroza - perimetrium tunica adventitia - parametrium loose connective tissue vessels + ligaments tunica muscularis - myometrium thick (15 mm), spiral longest cells in human body tunica submucosa – not present!!! tunica mucosa - endometrium

Endometrium simple cuboideal epithelium glandulae uterales – tubular lamina propria – reticular fibers basal layer – more cells, more fibers functional layer

Menstrual cycle menstrual phase (1st – 4th day) proliferative phase (5th – 14th day) secretory phase (15th – 28th day) ischemic phase (28th day)

Menstrual phase releasing of functional layer basal layer stays in place epithelization of surface menstruation blood do not form clot – enzymes of mucosa is mix of arterial and venous blood

Proliferative phase influence of estrogens hyperplasia ( count) functional layer glands elongate, narrow, no lumen at the end of proliferative phase – ovulation

Secretory phase influence of corpus luteum hormones functional layer - hypertrophy ( size) glands are wave-shaped (not in apical and basal part) stratum spongiosum – wave-shaped stratum compactum - direct secret contains mucin, glycogen and lipids epithelial cells – contains glycogen and mucin arterioles elongated and get wave-shaped during nidation decidual change occurs

Ischemic phase contraction of arterioles – ischemia of functional layer degenerative processes stop bleeding – contraction of myometrium and vessels

Slides slide G6 - fundus uteri HE

G6 – Fundus uteri HE

Cervix uteri mucosa forms folds - plicae palmatae simple columnar epithelium – produce mucus gl. cervicales uteri - mucous obliteration of ostium - ovula cervicalia (Nabothi) secret is alcalic with varios viscosity vaginal surface of cervix stratified squamous epithelium junction at orifice of cervical canal ectopy – columnar epithelium is changed into the stratified squamous - precancerous tunica muscularis - 3 layers (L, C, L)

slide G7 - cervix uteri HE Slides slide G7 - cervix uteri HE

Vagina mucosa – folds and columns - columna rugarum, rugae epithelium – stratified squamous (? keratinizing ?) cells produce glycogen – acid environment exfoliative cytology lamina propria – loose con. tissue no glands musculature inner - circular, outer - longitudinal adventitia – dense con. tissue, vessels, nerves

slide G10 - vagina HE slide G9 – vagina PAS+Hem Slides slide G10 - vagina HE slide G9 – vagina PAS+Hem

G10 – Vagina HE

G9 – Vagina PAS+Hem

External genitalia labia majora labia minora con. tissue, adipose cells outer surface – skin with hair follicles, sebaceous, apocrine and sweat glands inner – no follicles, only sebaceous glands labia minora no adipose cells, no hair follicles stratified squamous epi – slightly keratinizing sebaceous gland - smegma praeputii

External genitalia vestibulum vaginae clitoris bulbus vestibuli gl. vestibulares min. – tubular glands, mucus gl. vestibulares maj. – tuboalveolar glands, mucous clitoris two cavernous bodies, surrounded by tunica albuginea stratified squamous epithelium bulbus vestibuli spongious erectile tissue