Egg Cell (or ovum)Sperm Cell

 23 chromosomes in each sex cell  23 rd sex chromosome  23 rd chromosome is the “ sex chromosome ” X  Egg cell always carries the “ X ” sex chromosome  Sperm cell can carry the “ X ” or the “ Y ” sex chromosome

Which sex cell determines the gender of the baby?

 found on chromosomes traits  pass genetic traits to offspring Genes

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 Definition: the process of becoming pregnant including fertilization  Starts with two tiny cells (sperm and egg) that join together to grow into a baby

 The strongest, fastest healthiest sperm have the best chance of fertilizing the egg  Or maybe the most charming…  Clip ClipFertilization

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 Missed period  Breast tenderness or fullness  Nausea and sometimes vomiting  Changes in appetite  Urination  Tiredness

 Urine test – tests for pregnancy hormone, HCG  Pelvic exam – checks for enlarged cervix

 Single cell formed at conception by union of sperm and egg  Contains genetic material from both parents

 Zygote divides into a multi-celled mass called an embryo as it travels down the fallopian tubes From Zygote to Embryo

 Embryo searches for a place to implant in the uterine lining, or endometrium  It actually burrows beneath the surface Actual image of implantation

fetus  After about two months, the embryo takes on a human appearance and is now called a fetus. FETUSEMBRYO Click the photo to see the first few weeks of development.

Poll 3

Fraternal  Two eggs and two sperm  Each have different DNA Identical  One egg and one sperm  Zygote divides and separates into two  Each have the same DNA

 Grows from the outer edges of the embryo  Connects embryo to uterine wall  Filters nutrients and waste between mother and baby

 Grows between placenta and baby  Provides baby with oxygen and nutrients If mother ingests any toxic substances, such as drugs, alcohol or nicotine, the baby receives these as well!

 Thin, but strong, membrane filled with fluid that cushions and protects the fetus and regulates its temperature

Poll 4

In the womb:  Low birth weight  Stillborn baby  Increased risk of birth defects  Premature birth How can smoking during a pregnancy affect the baby? After birth:  Asthma and breathing problems  Increased risk of SIDS  Affects physical and intellectual growth  Behavioral problems

 Pregnant women who use drugs such as heroin, cocaine, marijuana, PCP, methadone, and/or amphetamines may give birth to drug-addicted babies.

How does alcohol use affect the baby?  Increased risk of miscarriage  Birth defects  Fetal Alcohol syndrome (FAS) - facial abnormalities - malformations of the heart - growth retardation - mental disorders

 “Water breaks”  “Water breaks” - amniotic sac bursts, the fluid is released through the vaginal canal  Contractions  Contractions - uterine muscles give cramping sensation as cervix starts to dilate  Either one could happen first!

 Natural birth - Baby is pushed out through birth canal (vagina)  Caesarian section – Baby is removed from uterus via surgery Click the photo to see how the baby makes its way out of the womb.

The hole in the heart will close, changing the heart from a one-pump heart to a two-pump heart. The linking passage outside the heart will close off and force oxygenated blood to the lungs so the baby can take its first breath. First Breath

 Umbilical cord ceases working and is cut and clamped  Placenta  Placenta detaches from the side of the uterus and is pushed out