Theories on prehistory and early man constantly change as new evidence comes to light. - Louis Leakey, British paleoanthropologist

1. 4,000,000 BCE – 1,000,000 BCE 2. 1,500,000 BCE ,000 BCE ,000 BCE – 30,000 BCE 4. 30,000 BCE -- 10,000 BCE Paleolithic Age: ( Old Stone Age ) 2,500,000 BCE to 8,000 BCE

“Paleolithic” --> “Old Stone” Age  “Paleolithic” --> “Old Stone” Age 2,500,000 BCE – 10,000 BCE  2,500,000 BCE – 10,000 BCE hunting (men) & gathering (women)  small bands of humans  hunting (men) & gathering (women)  small bands of humans NOMADIC (moving from place to place)  NOMADIC (moving from place to place) Made tools  Made tools

4,000,000 BCE – 1,000,000 BCE Hominids --> any member of the family of two-legged primates that includes all humans.  Hominids --> any member of the family of two-legged primates that includes all humans. Australopithecines  Australopithecines An Apposable Thumb  An Apposable Thumb

 HOMO HABILIS ( “Man of Skills” ) found in East Africa.  found in East Africa. created stone tools.  created stone tools.

Humans during this period found shelter in caves.  Humans during this period found shelter in caves. Cave paintings left behind.  Cave paintings left behind.

1,6000,000 BCE – 30,000 BCE HOMO ERECTUS ( “Upright Human Being” )  HOMO ERECTUS ( “Upright Human Being” ) Larger and more varied tools --> primitive technology  Larger and more varied tools --> primitive technology First hominid to migrate and leave Africa for Europe and Asia.  First hominid to migrate and leave Africa for Europe and Asia. First to use fire ( 500,000 BCE )  First to use fire ( 500,000 BCE ) BIPEDALISM  BIPEDALISM

Are we all Africans “under the skin”????

200,000 BCE – 10,000 BCE HOMO SAPIENS ( “Wise Human Being” ) Neanderthals ( 200,000 BCE – 30,000 BCE ) Cro-Magnons ( 40,000 BCE – 10,000 BCE )

NEANDERTHALS: Neander Valley, Germany (1856)  Neander Valley, Germany (1856) First humans to bury their dead.  First humans to bury their dead. Made clothes from animal skins.  Made clothes from animal skins. Lived in caves and tents.  Lived in caves and tents.

NEANDERTHALS Early Hut/Tent

CRO-MAGNONs: Homo sapiens sapiens ( “Wise, wise human” )  Homo sapiens sapiens ( “Wise, wise human” ) By 30,000 BCE they replaced Neanderthals.  By 30,000 BCE they replaced Neanderthals. WHY???

70,000 BCE – 10,000 BCE

“Neolithic”  “New Stone” Age  “Neolithic”  “New Stone” Age 10,000 BCE – 4,000 BCE  10,000 BCE – 4,000 BCE Gradual shift from:  Gradual shift from: Nomadic lifestyle  settled, stationery lifestyle. Hunting/Gathering  agricultural production and domestication of animals.

8,000 BCE – 5,000 BCE  8,000 BCE – 5,000 BCE Agriculture developed independently in different parts of the world.  Agriculture developed independently in different parts of the world. SLASH-AND-BURN Farming  SLASH-AND-BURN Farming Middle East India Central America China Southeast Asia 8,000 BCE 7,000 BCE 6,500 BCE 6,000 BCE 5,000 BCE

Development of Agriculture ? ? ? ?

Why do you think the development of agriculture occurred around the same time in several different places?

Why do some archaeologists believe that women were the first farmers?

Growing crops on a regular basis made possible the support of larger populations.  Growing crops on a regular basis made possible the support of larger populations. More permanent, settled communities emerged.  More permanent, settled communities emerged. 9,000 BCE  Earliest Agricultural Settlement at JARMO ( northern Iraq )  wheat  9,000 BCE  Earliest Agricultural Settlement at JARMO ( northern Iraq )  wheat

8,000 BCE  Largest Early Settlement at Çatal Hüyük ( Modern Turkey )  6,000 inhabitants  8,000 BCE  Largest Early Settlement at Çatal Hüyük ( Modern Turkey )  6,000 inhabitants Division of labor  Division of labor Engaged in trade  Engaged in trade  Organized religion Small military  Small military 12 cultivated crops  12 cultivated crops An obsidian dagger

Çatal Hüyük

What role did the food supply play in shaping the nomadic life of hunter-gatherers and the settled life of the farmers?

It is divided in two ages:  It is divided in two ages: Bronze age and Iron age Bronze age and Iron age 7,000 BCE  7,000 BCE Sedentary lifestyle shift  Sedentary lifestyle shift Smetal tools, weapons and jewellery were used. The wheel and the plough were invented.  Smetal tools, weapons and jewellery were used. The wheel and the plough were invented.

Prehistoric Art

Pictograph: Painting on a surface like a cave wall. Petroglyph: Design carved into rock or other surface.

Kentucky Rock Art

Altamira is a cave in Spain famous for its Upper Paleolithic cave paintings featuring drawings and polychrome rock paintings of wild mammals and human handscaveSpainUpper Paleolithiccave paintings It is located near the town of Santillana del Mar in Cantabria, Spain, 30 km west of the city of Santander.Santillana del Mar CantabriaSpainSantander

There are Bison, horses, deer, hands and mysterious signs, both painted and engraved Only one man is painted.

AdvancedCities SpecializedWorkers ComplexInstitutions Record-Keeping AdvancedTechnology