Comparative Telecommunications Law Prof. Karl Manheim Spring, : Introduction to Radio Spectrum

Spring 2007CTL2 Transmission Telecommunications is the transmission of information using radio waves Over the air  Terrestrial [graphic]graphic  Satellite [graphic]graphic Over wire  telephone wire (copper, twisted pair) [graphic]graphic  coaxial cable [graphic]graphic  power line [graphic]graphic Over optical fibers [graphic]graphic

Spring 2007CTL3 Radio Waves A moving electro-magnetic field

Spring 2007CTL4 Radio Waves - 2

Spring 2007CTL5 Modulating Radio Waves Marconi discovers that radio waves can be encoded to contain information By changing the characteristic of the wave through "modulation" Types of wave modulation AM - Amplitude modulation FM - Frequency modulation PM - Phase modulation

Spring 2007CTL6 Signal Transmission AM - Amplitude Modulation In amplitude modulation, the strength (amplitude) of the carrier from a transmitter is varied according to how a modulating signal varies.

Spring 2007CTL7 Signal Transmission - 2 FM - Frequency Modulation Varying a signal by changing its frequency in accordance with a modulating signal. This is the idea behind frequency modulation (FM).

Spring 2007CTL8 Complex Signal Modulation Single Sideband Modulation Double Sideband Modulation Pulse Amplitude Modulation Digital Signals

Spring 2007CTL9 Apportioning the Spectrum Spectrum Zoning Frequency division Geographical division (& power levels) Time division Multiplexing

Spring 2007CTL10 Designating the Spectrum Allotment Designation of frequencies by country  Int’l agreement – World Radiocom’n ConferencesWorld Radiocom’n Conferences  ITU Band Plan World region map ITUBand PlanWorld region map Allocation Designation of frequency bands for use by specific radio services. more detail

Spring 2007CTL11 Designating the Spectrum Assignment Designation of frequency bands to a station.  “The process of authorizing a specific frequency, group of frequencies, or frequency band to be used at a certain location under specified conditions, such as bandwidth, power, azimuth, duty cycle, or modulation.” Complete list of US TV stations Radio stations

Spring 2007CTL12 Broadcast VHF (very high frequency) Channels Mhz  6 Mhz channels (bandwidth)  6 Mhz separation 4 Mhz separation between 4 -5 (mobile & radio astronomy) 86 Mhz between 6-7 (FM radio] Multiple Use [geographic limitations]  Line of sight  contrast AM Khz

Spring 2007CTL13 Broadcast - 2 UHF Channels (but reclaimed) MHz in 6 MHz blocks DTV Channels 2-51 Frequency Assignments - Numerical DesignationNumerical Designation FAQs - FCC Office of Engineering & TechnologyFCC Office of Engineering & Technology License info - TV Station QueryTV Station Query

Spring 2007CTL14 The Spectrum Zoned

Spring 2007CTL15 Spectrum Management NTIA Spectrum Management Defined by NTIANTIA Office of Spectrum Management (OSM)OSM EU (DGIS) Radio Spectrum Policy (home page)home page  Radio Spectrum Decision 676/2002/EC676/2002/EC  Spectrum Markets Spectrum Markets

Spring 2007CTL16 Terrestrial Broadcast next

Spring 2007CTL17 Terrestrial Broadcast back

Spring 2007CTL18 Satellite back

Spring 2007CTL19 Telephone Wire (twisted pair) next

Spring 2007CTL20 Telephone Wire (twisted pair) back

Spring 2007CTL21 Coaxial Cable back

Spring 2007CTL22 Power line back

Spring 2007CTL23 Fiber Optic Cable back

Spring 2007CTL24