Characteristics of all Greek city states Small Size Small population An original polis (acropolis or high up place) A public meeting place called an agora This is how we identified whether or not it was a “Greek” city state.

Greece changes Geographically

Factors that brought them together and Factors that kept them apart Common Language, Religion, and festivals Co-operative supervision of certain temples Belief that the Greeks were descended from the same ancestors Rugged Mountains separating the valleys Rivalries between city- states separate legal systems independent calendars, money, weights and measures Fierce spirit of independence

Political Popular government - is the idea that people could and should rule themselves rather than be ruled by others. Monarchy Autocracy Aristocracy Oligarchy Tyranny Democracy

ATHENS Golden Age Today

Athenian Government In early times ruled by kings Later, the aristocracy, selected representatives called archons Merchants later replaced some of the nobility Finally, the four reformers (tyrannts) and we have Periclean democracy

Athenian social classes Nobility Merchants, Artisans Peasant Slaves – common Athenian practice to free their slaves Metics – foreigners allowed to live in Athens but could not become citizens

SPARTA

Spartan Government First the Council of Old which had to have approval of the popular assembly of spartiates over 30 years of age Later, 5 ephors ruled

Spartan social stratification Privileged rules class – spartiates Small landholders, tradesmen, artisans – perioeci Attached to the soil and provide auxiliary military service – helots Slaves

Citizen Rights a) access to courts b) no enslavement (but the very creation of citizen class makes the distinction that other people are slaves - that's what makes citizenship a privilege) c) religious and cultural participation d) death penalty was rare e) becoming a citizen was nearly impossible f) citizen duties - taxes, military service

Characteristics of Greek Art (mostly Athenian) Expressed ideals of harmony, balance, order and moderation. Glorified humans Combined beauty and usefulness Symbolized pride of people in their city- states

Red Figure Style

Black Figure Style

Greeks become teachers of me Great Philosophers (SPA) Socrates Plato Aristotle Greece absorbed into the Roman Empire and the Greeks teach the Romans Later the de Medici’s of Florence rediscover the teachings and treasures of the Greeks and use them to form modern Europe

Great Athenian Philosophers Socrates - Know thyself! - question everything - only the pursuit of goodness brings happiness. Plato - The Academy - the world of the FORMS - The Republic  philosopher-king Aristotle - the Lyceum - “Golden Mean” [everything in moderation] - Logic - Scientific method.

Persian Wars:499 BCE – 480 BCE

Persian Wars Marathon (490 BCE) - 26 miles from Athens Thermopylae (480 BCE) Spartans at the mountain pass Salamis (480 BCE) - Athenian navy victorious

Golden “Age of Pericles”: 460 BCE – 429 BCE

Athens: The Arts & Sciences DRAMA (tragedians): - Aeschylus - Sophocles - Euripides THE SCIENCES: - Pythagoras - Democritus  all matter made up of small atoms. - Hippocrates  “Father of Medicine”

Acropolis

The Acropolis Today

The Parthenon

The Agora

The Classical Greek “Ideal”

Delian and Archeon Leagues 499 BCE beginning of Persian wars which lasted throughout the 5 th century resulting in a unification of the Greek city states under first Athenian hegemony The predominant influence, as of a state, region, or group, over another or others. then under Sparta influence finally ending with the defeat of both and Thebes controlling before the ascension of Macedonia throughout the Agean Sea

Peloponnesian Wars

Macedonia Under Philip II

Alexander the Great

Alexander the Great’s Empire

The Hellenization of Asia

Economy of the Hellenistic World

Alexander the Great in Persia

Division of Alexander’s Empire