Learning Targets for the Day  I CAN identify the theories of Evolution  I CAN understand the significance of studying Evolution in knowing ancient civilizations

HISTORY PRESENTATION

The Old Testament in the Bible Creationism is the belief that the Universe and Life originate "from specific acts of divine creation.

Human evolution: refers to the evolutionary process leading up to the appearance of modern humans. The study of human evolution involves many scientific disciplines, including physical anthropology, primatology, archaeology, linguistics, embryology and genetics. INTRODUCTION

The study of past societies through an analysis of what people have left behind.

Charles Darwin ( )  Origin of the Species by Means of Natural Selection  Theory of Universal Common Descent Every creature on Earth is ultimately descended from a single common ancestor somewhere in the distant past. Natural Selection Organisms had the power to produce fundamentally new forms of life.

The most significant of these adaptations are 1. bipedalism (1.9 million years ago), 2. increased brain size, 3. lengthened ontogeny (gestation and infancy), 4. decreased sexual dimorphism.

The precursors of the modern human being 1 Humans appeared late in Earth’s history The earliest ancestors of humans (hominids) diverged from apes about 8 million years ago. First Europeans: approx. 780,000 years ago

“Paleolithic” --> “Old Stone” Age  “Paleolithic” --> “Old Stone” Age 2,500,000 BCE – 10,000 BCE  2,500,000 BCE – 10,000 BCE hunting (men) & gathering (women)  small bands of humans  hunting (men) & gathering (women)  small bands of humans NOMADIC (moving from place to place)  NOMADIC (moving from place to place) Made tools  Made tools

4,000,000 BCE – 1,000,000 BCE Hominids --> any member of the family of two-legged primates that includes all humans.  Hominids --> any member of the family of two-legged primates that includes all humans. Australopithecines  Australopithecines An Opposable Thumb  An Opposable Thumb

LUCY  Oldest known australopithecine skeleton was found in Afar, Ethiopia by Donald Johanson, Tim White, and Tom Gray.  3.5 feet tall and may have lived about 4 million years ago.  About 20 years old when she died.

 HOMO HABILIS ( “Man of Skills” ) found in East Africa.  found in East Africa. created stone tools.  created stone tools. 1,500,000 BCE ,000 BCE 1,500,000 BCE ,000 BCE

Oldowan Tool Variety OLDOWAN TOOLS (left to right): end chopper, heavy-duty scraper, spheroid hammer stone (Olduvai Gorge); flake chopper (Gadeb); bone point, horn core tool or digger (Swartkrans)

Humans during this period found shelter in caves.  Humans during this period found shelter in caves. Cave paintings left behind.  Cave paintings left behind. Purpose??Purpose??

1,6000,000 BCE – 30,000 BCE HOMO ERECTUS ( “Upright Human Being” )  HOMO ERECTUS ( “Upright Human Being” ) Larger and more varied tools --> primitive technology  Larger and more varied tools --> primitive technology First hominid to migrate and leave Africa for Europe and Asia.  First hominid to migrate and leave Africa for Europe and Asia. First to use fire ( 500,000 BCE )  First to use fire ( 500,000 BCE ) BIPEDALISM  BIPEDALISM

Homo ergaster

Homo Florensiensis & Homo Heidelbergensis

200,000 BCE – 10,000 BCE HOMO SAPIENS ( “Wise Human Being” ) Neanderthals ( 200,000 BCE – 30,000 BCE ) Cro-Magnons ( 40,000 BCE – 10,000 BCE )

The first skull The skull of Neanderthal man Neander valley, German(1856 Made clothes from animal skins Live in caves and tents. NEANDERTHALSNEANDERTHALS

CRO-MAGNONs:CRO-MAGNONs: Homo sapiens sapiens ( “Wise, wise human” )  Homo sapiens sapiens ( “Wise, wise human” ) By 30,000 BCE they replaced Neanderthals.  By 30,000 BCE they replaced Neanderthals.

One is the “ out of Africa ” model which states that homo sapiens sapiens migrated out of Africa and slowly replaced other groups they encountered throughout the world. The other theory is the multiregional model, which states that development from earlier hominids to modern humans occurred in different locations in Africa, Asia, and Europe at different times. THEORIES OF MIGRATION

During the last ice age between 100,000 B.C. and 8000 B.C. the water level in the oceans dropped revealing a land bridge over the Bering Strait connecting Asia and North America

Habitat/Map Htttp:// tml Asia (cold) Australia (hot) Afric a (hot) Europe (cold)

Theories on prehistory and early man constantly change as new evidence comes to light. - Louis Leakey, British paleoanthropologist

“Neolithic”  “New Stone” Age  “Neolithic”  “New Stone” Age 10,000 BCE – 4,000 BCE  10,000 BCE – 4,000 BCE Gradual shift from:  Gradual shift from: Nomadic lifestyle  settled, stationery lifestyle. Hunting/Gathering  agricultural production and domestication of animals.

Why were people nomadic?  People needed to move to get food. If they hunted & gathered all the available food in one area, they would have to move to get a new food supply.

8,000 BCE – 5,000 BCE  8,000 BCE – 5,000 BCE Agriculture developed independently in different parts of the world.  Agriculture developed independently in different parts of the world. SLASH-AND-BURN Farming  SLASH-AND-BURN Farming Middle East India Central America China Southeast Asia 8,000 BCE 7,000 BCE 6,500 BCE 6,000 BCE 5,000 BCE Middle East India Central America China Southeast Asia 8,000 BCE 7,000 BCE 6,500 BCE 6,000 BCE 5,000 BCE

Modern humans arose about 200,000 years ago. Homo sapiens fossils date to 200,000 years ago. Human evolution is influenced by a tool-based culture. There is a trend toward increased brain size in hominids. Australopithecus afarensis Homo habilisHomo neanderthalensis Homo sapiens

Human vs. Chimp chimps cc modern man cc Brain Size

Explain the technology in Paleolithic and Neolithic times PaleolithicNeolithic Stone: spears, axes. arrows Sticks: spear heads Bones: fishhooks fire Sickles Metal tools: copper and bronze

What were the roles of women & men in hunter-gatherer society?  Men: hunt for food  Women: gathered food, cared for children

Cultural Evolution

Cultural Evolution of Man PaleolithicMesolithicNeolithicAge of Metals crude tools of stone (pounding and flaking/chipping) Sewing animal skins, engraving, carving, painting Economy was based on hunting & food gathering Small nomadic communities (lifestyle) Vague religious ideas (burial) Gradual domestication of animals Fishing is the main subsistence Formation of settled communities (in the rivers and lakeshores) Taming of wild dogs for hunting and guarding property Coined by John Lubbock in 1865 Farming, herding, pottery making Agricultural life Learned to use animals in dragging their primitive plow in transporting their belongings. They made better tools -> invention of the grinding tools to sharpen and polish their tools Art of pottery and baking clay pottery (Specialization of work) Building of permanent homes (Sedentary lifestyle) – the earliest known villages were found in Jericho (Israel) and Catal Huyuk (Turkey) Complex societies Copper for ornamental purposes (Eqyptians, 5,000 BCE) Bronze (Copper and tin, 2, 000 BCE) used in tools, weapons, and utensils Iron made by Hittites 1,000 BCE from ore.

REMINDERS:  Summative Test About Evolution & Characteristic of Culture – Thursday, August 27, 2015