Day 2 of Final Review Accelerated Biology

The nucleus is the “command center” of the cell. It contains the genetic material.

Endoplasmic reticulum – high way system within a cell. Allows proteins and other molecules to move more freely through the cytosol (cytoplasm).

Golgi apparatus – the organelle that packages and processes substances (such as proteins) to be exported out of the cell through vacuoles.

Lysosomes – are the custodians of the cell. They release digestive enzymes which breakdown unwanted cell parts for recycling or exportation out of the cell.

Ribosomes – The site of protein synthesis - organelles made up of protein and rRNA. They help direct protein synthesis.

Cytoplasm – the jelly-like fluid within a cell.

The cell membrane functions as a selectively, protective barrier, allowing certain molecules to pass in or out.

The structure of the membrane is composed of a bilayer of phospholipids. Embedded within the layer are proteins, cholesterol, and various other molecules.

The Cell Theory has 3 parts. 1. every living thing has one or more cells 2. cells are the basic unit of life 3. cells come from other cells

Flagella are long, whip-like structures used for mobility Cilia are short hair-like structures used for mobility.

Diffusion is the movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of lesser concentration.

Osmosis is the net movement of water from an area of high water concentration to an area of lesser water concentration across a membrane.

Robert Hooke was the first person to describe cells.

Leewenhoek was the first person to observe living cells.

The chromosomal hereditary material is packaged in the nucleus. Prokaryotes/bacteria do not have a nucleus.

Membrane bound structures found within a cell are called organelles.

Ribosomes are large molecular aggregates of protein and rRNA

Chromosomes can be seen usually during cell division.

A phospholipid has a phosphate group in place of one fatty acid.

Equilibrium is reached in an aqueous solution when the dissolved molecules or ions are equally distributed throughout the solution.

To flow freely across a lipid membrane, water needs aquaporins

Phagocytosis is engulfing solids, and exocytosis is discharging them through the cell membrane

Most healthy plant cells are turgid because they are hyper- osmotic to their environment

In a single sodium-potassium pump cycle, ATP is used up with the result that 3 sodium leave and 2 potassium enter.

Receptor proteins are embedded in a membrane and have a site for chemical messengers to bond

Direct contact are cell to cell communication links

Paracrine signaling have short lived local affects

Endocrine signaling uses chemical messengers (hormones) that travel through the blood stream from a gland to a target cell.

Synaptic signaling involves neurons and the release of neurotransmitters across a chemical synapse

Intracellular receptors are those inside a cell in which a chemical messenger can penetrate the cell membrane and land on the receptor site inside

Chemically gated ion channels require a ion to trigger a receptor protein to open a passageway into the cell

Enzymatic receptors, which are normally single pass, requires a chemical messenger on the outside to trigger an enzymatic response on the inside of the cell

G protein linked receptors are intracellular proteins that get charged and deliver their activity elsewhere in the cell

cAMP is a second messenger that helps initiate a cellular reaction (usually by amplification)

Calcium ions are also second messengers that can have numerous cellular effects such as stimulating muscle contrations

Tight junctions are cell to cell junctions in which cells are held together tightly – found in the digestive tract

Anchoring junctions use the cytoskeleton of a one cell and attach it to the cytoskeleton of another

Communicating junctions are formed between cells for cell to cell communication

Paracrine signals are short lived with local effects

When a signal molecule arrives at a G protein-linked receptor, the G protein becomes activated

With respect to the plasma membrane, most enzymatic receptors are singlepass

The signaling molecules that travel the farthest are endocrine

Cells used for producing monoclonal antibodies such as interferon are hybridomas

Plasmodesmata connect one plant cell to another

Synaptic signaling requires neurotransmitters

Most cells are in physical contact with other cells at all times by forming cell junctions

Endocrine signaling involves the use of hormones

Hybridoma is the name given to a cell formed by the fusion of a plasma cell and a cancer cell.

A pore that opens or closes when a particular ion or molecule binds to its protein are said to be chemically gated

Enzymes that add phosphate groups to proteins are called protein kinases