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Isra University Faculty of IT

Before we start... Please turn off your mobile phone

Chapter 1 Introduction Contents: What is a computer? What does a computer do? Computer components Information Technology Types of Computers

An electronic device, operating under the control of instructions stored in its own memory unit, that can accept data (input), manipulate the data according to specified rules (process), produce information (output) from the processing, and store the results for future use (storage) جهاز إلكتروني يعمل تحت سيطرة التعليمات المخزنة في وحدة الذاكرة الخاصة به، والذي يمكن أن يقبل البيانات ( ادخال ) ، ومن ثم يعالج البيانات وفقا لقواعد معينة ( معالجة ) ، وإخراج المعلومات ( اخراج ) ، وتخزين النتائج للاستخدام المستقبلي ( تخزين ) A computer is an electronic device, operating under the control of instructions stored in its own memory unit. It has the ability to store, retrieve, and process data.

What does a computer do?  Input  Process  Output  Storage Processor Control Unit/Arithmetic Logic Unit Memory Storage Devices Input Devices Output Devices يقوم الحاسوب بالمهام التالية : إدخال البيانات – معالجة البيانات – اخراج البيانات – تخزين البيانات

6 The components of a computer are 1. Hardware: Physical components like screen, cables, keyboard, system box and printer. Note: the hardware cannot do any thing without software. 2. Software : A set of instructions that tells the computer what to do and how to do it. (Everything you create, play, and work on while using the computer is software) Such as : Word processing,Computer games and Graphics programs.  المعدات ( الأجهزة ) : هي الأجزاء الملموسة من الحاسوب ، مثل الشاشة ،الأسلاك، لوحة المفاتيح، وحدة النظام، الطابعة.  ملاحظة : بدون البرمجيات المعدات لا تعمل.  البرمجيات : المكونات غير الملموسة وهي عبارة عن مجموعة من التعليمات التي تتحكم بعمل الحاسوب.  مثال : معالج النصوص ، الألعاب ، برامج الرسم. مكونات الحاسوب

7 Information Technology Information Technology means the use of hardware, software, services, and supporting infrastructure to manage, process, transmit, retrieve and store information Information forms can be : text, sound, picture, video or other. تكنولوجيا المعلومات تعني استخدام الأجهزة والبرمجيات والخدمات والبنية التحتية الداعمة لإدارة ومعالجة وارسال واسترجاع وتخزين المعلومات أشكال المعلومات يمكن أن تكون : نص، صوت، صورة، فيديو أو غيرها تكنولوجيا المعلومات

Types of Computers أنواع الحواسيب Different types and sizes of computers are offering different services. Computers can be as big as occupying a large building and as small as a laptop or a microcontroller in mobile. The four basic types of computers are: الأنواع والأحجام المختلفة من أجهزة الكمبيوتر تقدم خدمات مختلفة. يمكن لأجهزة الكمبيوتر أن تكون كبيرة بحيث تحتل مبنى كبير وصغيرة مثل جهاز الكمبيوتر المحمول (laptop ) أو المتحكم الدقيق (microcontroller ) كما في الجهاز الخلوي. الأنواع الأساسية الأربعة لأجهزة الحاسوب هي : Microcontroller - is a small computer on a single integrated circuit containing a processor core, memory, and programmable input/output peripherals. 1.Super computer 2.Mainframe Computer 3.Minicomputer 4.Microcomputer

The most powerful computers in terms of performance and data processing are the supercomputers. These are specialized and task specific computers used by large organizations. These computers are used for research and exploration purposes, like NASA uses supercomputers for launching space shuttles, controlling them and for space exploration purpose. أقوى أجهزة الكمبيوتر من حيث الأداء ومعالجة البيانات هي أجهزة الكمبيوتر العملاقة. وهي عبارة عن أجهزة كمبيوتر متخصصة لها مهام محددة وتستخدمها المنظمات الكبيرة. وهي تستخدم لأغراض البحث والاستكشاف، مثل أجهزة الكمبيوتر العملاقة التي تستخدمها ناسا لإطلاق مكوك الفضاء والتحكم به ولأغراض استكشاف الفضاء. Close up view of one row of compute cabinets that make up the 182 cabinet Pleiades supercomputer at NASA, with a total of 126,720 processor cores and over 233 terabytes of RAM

The supercomputers are very expensive and very large in size. Its speed is very high. It can be accommodated in large air-conditioned rooms; some super computers can span an entire building. أجهزة الكمبيوتر العملاقة مكلفة جدا وذات حجم كبير جدا. وسرعتها عالية جدا. يمكن استيعابها في غرف كبيرة مكيفة الهواء، والبعض منها يمكن أن يمتد لمبنى بأكمله. Uses of Supercomputer من استخدامات الحواسيب العملاقة Space Exploration Earthquake studies Weather Forecasting Nuclear weapons testing The Blue Gene/P supercomputer runs over 250,000 processors China’s supercomputer the Tianhe-2 is currently the world's fastest supercomputer

Mainframe computers are computers used primarily by corporate and governmental organizations for critical applications, bulk data processing such as census, industry and consumer statistics, customer accounts management in communications companies and bank transaction processing أجهزة الكمبيوتر المركزية ( الرئيسية ) تستخدم في المقام الأول من قبل الشركات الكبرى والمنظمات الحكومية للتطبيقات الحرجة، ومعالجة البيانات الضخمة مثل التعداد والصناعة واحصاءات المستهلك، وإدارة حسابات العملاء في شركات الاتصالات، ومعالجة المعاملات المصرفية Their high stability and reliability enables these machines to run uninterrupted for decades استقرارية وموثوقية أجهزة الكمبيوتر المركزية العالية تمكنها من العمل دون انقطاع على مدى عقود The features of these machines: high speed, reliability, large storage capacities, room-size and expensive مميزات هذه الاجهزة : السرعة العالية، والموثوقية، وقدرات تخزين كبيرة، يمكن استيعابها في غرفة، وهي مكلفة

Minicomputer is a class of multi-user computers which make up the middle range of the computing spectrum, in between the largest multi-user systems (traditionally, mainframe computers) and the smallest single-user systems (microcomputers or personal computers). More modern terms for such machines include midrange systems, workstations, and servers الكومبيوترات الصغيرة هي فئة من أجهزة الكمبيوتر متعددة المستخدمين والتي تشكل مجموعة الوسط من الطيف الكمبيوتري، فهي تقع بين أكبر الأنظمة المتعددة المستخدمين ( أجهزة الكمبيوتر المركزية ) وأصغر أنظمة المستخدم الواحد ( الكومبيوترات الشخصية ). من المصطلحات الحديثة التي تطلق على الكومبيوترات الصغيرة : أنظمة المدى المتوسط ​​ ، ومحطات العمل، والخوادم These computers are not designed for a single user. Large companies or organizations use Minicomputers for specific purposes. For example, a production department can use Minicomputers for monitoring certain production process هذه الأجهزة ليست مصممة لمستخدم واحد. الشركات أو المؤسسات الكبيرة تستخدم Minicomputers لأغراض محددة. على سبيل المثال، يمكن لقسم الإنتاج استخدام هذه الحواسيب لرصد عملية الإنتاج

The Microcomputers are widely used & the fastest growing computers. These computers are the cheapest among the other three types of computers. The Microcomputers are specially designed for general usage like education, work purposes and entertainment أجهزة الكمبيوتر الدقيقة تستخدم على نطاق واسع وهي الأسرع نموا. وهي أرخص ثمنا من الانواع الثلاثة الاخرى. تم تصميم أجهزة الكمبيوتر الصغيرة خصيصا للاستخدام العام مثل التعليم وأغراض العمل والترفيه Types of microcomputers Desktop computers Laptops Netbooks Personal digital assistant (PDA) Tablets Gaming consoles Smartphones من انواع الحواسيب الدقيقة

Desktop computer Laptop Netbook Personal digital assistantTablet Gaming console