Chapter 25 An Age of Modernity Anxiety, and Imperialism,

Toward the Modern Consciousness: Developments in the Sciences  Science offers certainty  Thought science would give complete understanding of the world and accurate picture of reality  Marie Curie ( ) and Pierre Curie ( )  Radiation  Atoms  Max Planck ( ) and quantum physics  Energy radiated discontinuously  Albert Einstein ( )  Theory of relativity  Four dimensional space-time continuum  Energy of the atom  Science offers certainty  Thought science would give complete understanding of the world and accurate picture of reality  Marie Curie ( ) and Pierre Curie ( )  Radiation  Atoms  Max Planck ( ) and quantum physics  Energy radiated discontinuously  Albert Einstein ( )  Theory of relativity  Four dimensional space-time continuum  Energy of the atom

A New Understanding of the Irrational  Friedrich Nietzsche ( )  Glorifies the irrational  Claimed humans at the whim of irrational life forces  “God is dead”  Blame on Christianity  Concept of the superman  Henri Bergson  Reality could only be grasped intuitively and experienced directly  Georges Sorel  General strike  Syndicalism  Friedrich Nietzsche ( )  Glorifies the irrational  Claimed humans at the whim of irrational life forces  “God is dead”  Blame on Christianity  Concept of the superman  Henri Bergson  Reality could only be grasped intuitively and experienced directly  Georges Sorel  General strike  Syndicalism

Sigmund Freud & Psychoanalysis  Sigmund Freud ( )  The Interpretation of Dreams, 1900  The unconscious  Id, ego, and superego  Repression  Sigmund Freud ( )  The Interpretation of Dreams, 1900  The unconscious  Id, ego, and superego  Repression

The Impact of Darwinism: Social Darwinism and Racism  Social Darwinism  Societies are organisms that evolve  Herbert Spencer’s Social Statics (1896)  Radical Applications  Nationalism  Friedrich von Bernhardi  Racism  Houston Stewart Chamberlain ( )  The Foundations of the Nineteenth Century, 1890  German Volk as an organism in its own right  Social Darwinism  Societies are organisms that evolve  Herbert Spencer’s Social Statics (1896)  Radical Applications  Nationalism  Friedrich von Bernhardi  Racism  Houston Stewart Chamberlain ( )  The Foundations of the Nineteenth Century, 1890  German Volk as an organism in its own right

The Attack on Christianity and the Catholic Response  Political movements of the late 19th century hostile to Christian churches  Controls over church courts, religious orders, and appointments  Anticlericalism  Ernst Renan Life of JesusLife of Jesus  Catholic Church  Pope Pius IX (Pio Nono) the “Scourge of Liberalism” and the Syllabus of Errors (1864) speaks out vs. modernism in all its forms Syllabus of Errors  Compromise under Leo XIII De Rerum Novarum “Of New Things” De Rerum Novarum  Pope Pius X Condemned Modernism in 1907 (Oath Against Modernism, 1910)Condemned Modernism in 1907Oath Against Modernism  Salvation Army – William Booth  Political movements of the late 19th century hostile to Christian churches  Controls over church courts, religious orders, and appointments  Anticlericalism  Ernst Renan Life of JesusLife of Jesus  Catholic Church  Pope Pius IX (Pio Nono) the “Scourge of Liberalism” and the Syllabus of Errors (1864) speaks out vs. modernism in all its forms Syllabus of Errors  Compromise under Leo XIII De Rerum Novarum “Of New Things” De Rerum Novarum  Pope Pius X Condemned Modernism in 1907 (Oath Against Modernism, 1910)Condemned Modernism in 1907Oath Against Modernism  Salvation Army – William Booth

Culture of Modernity: Literature  Naturalism  Must analyze life; pessimistic about future; suffering is necessary  Émile Zola ( ) GerminalGerminal  Leo Tolstoy War and Peace  Dostoevsky Crime and Punishment  Symbolists  Objective knowledge of the world was impossible  Art should function for its own sake  W.B. Yeats  Naturalism  Must analyze life; pessimistic about future; suffering is necessary  Émile Zola ( ) GerminalGerminal  Leo Tolstoy War and Peace  Dostoevsky Crime and Punishment  Symbolists  Objective knowledge of the world was impossible  Art should function for its own sake  W.B. Yeats

Modernism in the Arts: Impressionism  Artist captures the image of an object as someone would see it if they just caught a glimpse of it  Lots of color and outdoor scenes  Pictures are very bright and vibrant  Images without detail but with bold colors  Example artists: Manet, Pissaro, Degas, Monet, Morisot and Renoir. Morisot, Summer’s Day, Pissarro, The Boulevard Montmartre at Night 1897.The Boulevard Montmartre at Night  Artist captures the image of an object as someone would see it if they just caught a glimpse of it  Lots of color and outdoor scenes  Pictures are very bright and vibrant  Images without detail but with bold colors  Example artists: Manet, Pissaro, Degas, Monet, Morisot and Renoir. Morisot, Summer’s Day, Pissarro, The Boulevard Montmartre at Night 1897.The Boulevard Montmartre at Night Main image: Detail from Pissarro, 'The Boulevard Montmartre at Night', London, The National Gallery.The Boulevard Montmartre at Night

Modernism in the Arts: Post-Impressionism  Light and color with structure and form  Post-Impressionists rejected rejected the emphasis the Impressionists put on naturalism and the depiction of fleeting effects of light. naturalismdepictionlight  Post-Impressionist artists differ greatly from one another, and painted alone, unlike the community of Impressionist painters  Artists include van Gogh, Seurat (pointillism), Cezanne, Gauguin, Toulouse-Latrec Van Gogh’s The Starry Night, 1889 and Seurat’s Bathing at Ausnieres, 1883  Light and color with structure and form  Post-Impressionists rejected rejected the emphasis the Impressionists put on naturalism and the depiction of fleeting effects of light. naturalismdepictionlight  Post-Impressionist artists differ greatly from one another, and painted alone, unlike the community of Impressionist painters  Artists include van Gogh, Seurat (pointillism), Cezanne, Gauguin, Toulouse-Latrec Van Gogh’s The Starry Night, 1889 and Seurat’s Bathing at Ausnieres, 1883 ‘ear it is!!!

Modernism in the Arts: Expressionism  Depict not objective reality but rather subjective emotions and responses that objects and events arouse in the artist  Distortion, exaggeration and fantasy as well as the vivid, jarring, violent, or dynamic application of formal elements define the style  Artists include Munch and Chagall Munch’s The Scream and Chagall’s Birthday  Depict not objective reality but rather subjective emotions and responses that objects and events arouse in the artist  Distortion, exaggeration and fantasy as well as the vivid, jarring, violent, or dynamic application of formal elements define the style  Artists include Munch and Chagall Munch’s The Scream and Chagall’s Birthday

Modernism in the Arts: Photo and beyond…  Impact of photography on art  Cubism: Pablo Picasso ( ) Guernica (1937)  Abstract Expressionism: Vasily Kandinsky ( )  Futurism: Dynamism of a Dog on a Leash, Giacomo Balla (1912) and Boccioni’s Unique Forms…(1913)  Impact of photography on art  Cubism: Pablo Picasso ( ) Guernica (1937)  Abstract Expressionism: Vasily Kandinsky ( )  Futurism: Dynamism of a Dog on a Leash, Giacomo Balla (1912) and Boccioni’s Unique Forms…(1913)

Modernism in the Arts – Music  Modern developments in music  Edvard Grieg  At first romantic, but started to focus on new musical forms  Piano Concerto in A Minor Piano Concerto in A Minor  Claude Debussy  Clair de Lune (Suite Bergamasque)  Prélude à l'après-midi d'un faune  Igor Stravinsky ( )  Composed music for Diaghilev’s Ballets Russes  Famous works include Petrushka and The Rites of Spring  Sergei Diaghilev ( )  Ballet Russes traveled throughout the world and set the standard for dance performance  Modern developments in music  Edvard Grieg  At first romantic, but started to focus on new musical forms  Piano Concerto in A Minor Piano Concerto in A Minor  Claude Debussy  Clair de Lune (Suite Bergamasque)  Prélude à l'après-midi d'un faune  Igor Stravinsky ( )  Composed music for Diaghilev’s Ballets Russes  Famous works include Petrushka and The Rites of Spring  Sergei Diaghilev ( )  Ballet Russes traveled throughout the world and set the standard for dance performance Performance from Diaghilev’s Ballet Russe

Politics: New Directions and New Uncertainties  The Movement for Women’s Rights: Demands of Women  Amalie Sieveking ( )  Florence Nightingale ( )  Clara Barton ( )  Growing demands of suffragists  Emmeline Pankhurst ( )  Women’s Social and Political Union  Publicity  Peace movements  Bertha von Suttner ( ) Lay Down Your Arms  The New Woman  Maria Montessori ( )  New teaching materials  Began the system of Montessori schools  Ibsen’s A Doll’s House Emmeline Pankhurst getting arrested

Jews within the European Nation-State  Anti-Semitism  Actions against Jews  Many emigrate  Pogroms  Theodor Herzl ( )  The Jewish State, 1896  Zionism  Anti-Semitism  Actions against Jews  Many emigrate  Pogroms  Theodor Herzl ( )  The Jewish State, 1896  Zionism Theodor Herzl

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The Transformation of Liberalism: Great Britain  Working class demands  Caused Liberals to move away from ideals  Trade Unions  Advocate “collective ownership” and other controls  Fabian Socialists  Neither Unions nor Fabian Socialists are Marxist  Britain’s Labour Party  David Lloyd George ( )  Abandons laissez-faire  Backs social reform measures  National Insurance Act, 1911  Beginnings of the welfare state  Working class demands  Caused Liberals to move away from ideals  Trade Unions  Advocate “collective ownership” and other controls  Fabian Socialists  Neither Unions nor Fabian Socialists are Marxist  Britain’s Labour Party  David Lloyd George ( )  Abandons laissez-faire  Backs social reform measures  National Insurance Act, 1911  Beginnings of the welfare state

Transformation of Liberalism: Italy and France  Italy  Giovanni Giolitti  France  Dreyfus affair and anti-Semitism in France  Third Republic rocked, divided (Drefusards, Anti-Drefusards)  Anti-republican, pro-Catholic, Anti-Semitic League  Zola J’Accuse  Italy  Giovanni Giolitti  France  Dreyfus affair and anti-Semitism in France  Third Republic rocked, divided (Drefusards, Anti-Drefusards)  Anti-republican, pro-Catholic, Anti-Semitic League  Zola J’Accuse Giovanni Giolitti: Italian Liberal; Zola’s J’Accuse

Growing Tensions in Germany, Austria-Hungary  William II ( )  Military and industrial power  Conflict of tradition and modernization  Strong nationalists  Pan-German League  Austria-Hungary  Universal male suffrage in 1907  Social Democrats  A - Emperor Francis Joseph  H - Count Istva`n Tisza – PM encouraged industrialization, Magyarization; promoted Jewish industrialists Wilhelm II of Germany

Industrialization and Revolution in Imperial Russia  By 1900 the fourth largest producer of steel  Development of working class  Development of socialist parties  Marxist Social Democratic Party, Minsk, 1898  Russo-Japanese War,  General strike, October 1905  Nicholas II granted civil liberties and a legislative body, Duma  Curtailment of power of the Duma, 1907  By 1900 the fourth largest producer of steel  Development of working class  Development of socialist parties  Marxist Social Democratic Party, Minsk, 1898  Russo-Japanese War,  General strike, October 1905  Nicholas II granted civil liberties and a legislative body, Duma  Curtailment of power of the Duma, 1907

The Rise of the United States  Shift to an industrial nation,  9 percent own 71 percent of wealth  American Federation of Labor  Included only 8.4 percent of industrial labor  Progressive Era  Reform  Pure Food and Drug Act  Woodrow Wilson,  Income tax and Federal Reserve System  Shift to an industrial nation,  9 percent own 71 percent of wealth  American Federation of Labor  Included only 8.4 percent of industrial labor  Progressive Era  Reform  Pure Food and Drug Act  Woodrow Wilson,  Income tax and Federal Reserve System

Growth of Canada  Dominion of Canada  Quebec, Ontario, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick – 1870  Manitoba, British Columbia – 1871  William Laurier, 1896, First French Canadian prime minister  Dominion of Canada  Quebec, Ontario, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick – 1870  Manitoba, British Columbia – 1871  William Laurier, 1896, First French Canadian prime minister

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The New Imperialism  Causes of the New Imperialism  Competition among European nations  Social Darwinism and racism  Religious humanitarianism, “White man’s burden” (Kipling)  Economics - new markets and raw materials  The Creation of Empires  Scramble for Africa  Cape Colony  Afrikaaners  Great Trek, 1835  Region between Orange Free State and the Vaal River (Transvaal)  Cecil Rhodes ( ) CAPE TO CAIRO!  Diamond and gold companies  Takes the Transvaal  Attempts to overthrow the neighboring Boer Government  Boer War,  Union of South Africa, 1910  Causes of the New Imperialism  Competition among European nations  Social Darwinism and racism  Religious humanitarianism, “White man’s burden” (Kipling)  Economics - new markets and raw materials  The Creation of Empires  Scramble for Africa  Cape Colony  Afrikaaners  Great Trek, 1835  Region between Orange Free State and the Vaal River (Transvaal)  Cecil Rhodes ( ) CAPE TO CAIRO!  Diamond and gold companies  Takes the Transvaal  Attempts to overthrow the neighboring Boer Government  Boer War,  Union of South Africa, 1910

Other Instances of Imperialism  Portuguese  Mozambique  Angola  French  Algeria, 1830  West Africa and Tunis  British in Egypt  Leopold II, of Belgium  International Association for the Exploration and Civilization of Central Africa, 1876  Belgian Congo  French reaction is to move into territory north of the Congo River  Germany  South West Africa; Cameroons; Togoland; East Africa  Portuguese  Mozambique  Angola  French  Algeria, 1830  West Africa and Tunis  British in Egypt  Leopold II, of Belgium  International Association for the Exploration and Civilization of Central Africa, 1876  Belgian Congo  French reaction is to move into territory north of the Congo River  Germany  South West Africa; Cameroons; Togoland; East Africa

©2003 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning ™ is a trademark used herein under license. Africa, 1914

Imperialism in Asia  James Cook to Australia,  British East India Company  Empress of India bestowed on Queen Victoria, 1876  Russian expansion  Siberia  Reach Pacific coast, 1637  Press south into the crumbling Ottoman Empire  Persia and Afghanistan  Korea and Manchuria  British acquisition of Hong Kong  Japan: Matthew Perry opens Japan,  Southeast Asia: British & French control  Pacific Islands: US and the Spanish-American War  James Cook to Australia,  British East India Company  Empress of India bestowed on Queen Victoria, 1876  Russian expansion  Siberia  Reach Pacific coast, 1637  Press south into the crumbling Ottoman Empire  Persia and Afghanistan  Korea and Manchuria  British acquisition of Hong Kong  Japan: Matthew Perry opens Japan,  Southeast Asia: British & French control  Pacific Islands: US and the Spanish-American War

Responses to Imperialism  Africa  New class of educated African leaders  Resentment of foreigners  Middle-class Africans  Intellectual hatred of colonial rule  Political parties and movements  China  Boxer Rebellion, , Society of Harmonious Fists  Sun Yat-sen ( )  Fall of the Manchu dynasty, 1912, Republic of China  Africa  New class of educated African leaders  Resentment of foreigners  Middle-class Africans  Intellectual hatred of colonial rule  Political parties and movements  China  Boxer Rebellion, , Society of Harmonious Fists  Sun Yat-sen ( )  Fall of the Manchu dynasty, 1912, Republic of China

Asia, 1914

Japan and India  Japan  Samurai  Meiji Mutsuhito,  Meiji Era (Enlightened Government)  Westernization of military and industry  India  British control results in peace and honest government  Extreme poverty  Indian National Congress, 1883  Japan  Samurai  Meiji Mutsuhito,  Meiji Era (Enlightened Government)  Westernization of military and industry  India  British control results in peace and honest government  Extreme poverty  Indian National Congress, 1883

International Rivalry and the Coming of War  New Alliances  Triple Alliance, 1882 – Germany, Austria, Italy  Reinsurance Treaty between Russia and Germany, 1887  Dismissal of Bismarck, 1890  New Directions and New Crises  Emperor William II and a “place in the sun”  Military alliance of France and Russia, 1894  Triple Entente, 1907 – Britain, France, Russia  Triple Alliance, 1907 – Germany, Austria- Hungary, Italy  New Alliances  Triple Alliance, 1882 – Germany, Austria, Italy  Reinsurance Treaty between Russia and Germany, 1887  Dismissal of Bismarck, 1890  New Directions and New Crises  Emperor William II and a “place in the sun”  Military alliance of France and Russia, 1894  Triple Entente, 1907 – Britain, France, Russia  Triple Alliance, 1907 – Germany, Austria- Hungary, Italy

Crisis in the Balkans,  Austria annexes Bosnia and Herzegovina, 1908  Serbian protest, Russian support of Serbia  First Balkan War, 1912  Balkan League defeats the Ottomans  Second Balkan War, 1913  Greece, Serbia, Romania, and the Ottoman Empire attacked and defeated Bulgaria  Serbia’s ambitions  London Conference  Austria annexes Bosnia and Herzegovina, 1908  Serbian protest, Russian support of Serbia  First Balkan War, 1912  Balkan League defeats the Ottomans  Second Balkan War, 1913  Greece, Serbia, Romania, and the Ottoman Empire attacked and defeated Bulgaria  Serbia’s ambitions  London Conference

The Balkans, 1878

Discussion Questions  How does “new view” of science change our thinking about the universe?  What radical changes in our concepts about human behavior as a result of Sigmund Freud’s work?  What was the new racism? How are Darwin’s ideas of natural selection transformed to apply to civilization?  Support or refute: Imperialism was beneficial to the nations that it occurred in.  How does “new view” of science change our thinking about the universe?  What radical changes in our concepts about human behavior as a result of Sigmund Freud’s work?  What was the new racism? How are Darwin’s ideas of natural selection transformed to apply to civilization?  Support or refute: Imperialism was beneficial to the nations that it occurred in.

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