Rulers and Revolutions SOL WHII.6

With its emphasis on reasoned observation and systematic measurement, the scientific revolution changed the way people viewed the world and their place in it.

The scientific revolution promoted the following ideas: ► Emphasis on reason and systematic observation of nature ► Formulation of the scientific method ► Expansion of scientific knowledge

Nicolaus Copernicus – Polish Copernicus developed the heliocentric theory which stated the earth went around the sun. Sun

Johannes Kepler – German Kepler developed the laws of planetary motion. He used math to prove that the planets move around the sun.

Galileo Galilei – Italian Galileo used a telescope to prove that Copernicus was right and the earth did circle the sun. The Catholic Church declared him a heretic.

Isaac Newton – English Newton discovered the laws of gravity.

William Harvey – English Harvey discovered that blood circulates through the body.

The Age of Absolutism takes its name from a series of European monarchs who increased the power of their central governments. This meant there was a centralization of power.

Absolute monarchs believed they ruled by divine right. This is the belief that monarchs get their power and their right to rule directly from God, therefore, they could have absolute power. From God Power to rule

Louis XIV was the absolute monarch of France. He brought culture to France and built the Palace of Versailles as a symbol of royal power. He also abolished the Edict of Nantes which had given the French Huguenots religious freedom.

Frederick the Great was the absolute ruler of Prussia. His emphasis was on military power. Under his rule, Prussia became a military power.

Peter the Great was the absolute ruler of Russia. He was responsible for the westernization of Russia. Under his rule, Russia became more like Western Europe. He even made men in Russia shave their beards!

Political democracy rests on the principle that government derives power from the consent of the governed.

The foundations of English freedoms included the jury trial, the Magna Carta, and common law. The English Civil War and the Glorious Revolution prompted further development of the rights of Englishmen.

Charles I was an English King who tried to rule England as an absolute monarch. This made Parliament very mad because he infringed on people’s rights. Charles I was later beheaded!

Oliver Cromwell was a military leader of Parliamentary forces. He led his forces against Charles I. In 1649, he had Charles I beheaded. For the next 10 years, Cromwell ruled England as a dictator. Military leader that took control and ruled for 10 years – after beheading Charles I!

After Cromwell’s death, Charles II was restored as the English King and ruled for 25 years. His successor, James II angered Parliament. Remembering Charles I’s fate and fearing for his life, James II flees to France. Charles II restored to power James II fled to France

In the Glorious Revolution, William and Mary are invited to become England’s new rulers. They take the throne in a bloodless revolution.

After William and Mary become the rulers of England, there is an increase in parliamentary power over royal power.

During this period of time, there is the development of political parties and factions. The English Bill of Rights of 1689 is approved by Parliament. This is a major step toward the rights of the people.

Enlightenment thinkers believed that human progress was possible through the application of scientific knowledge and reason to issues of law and government.

The Enlightenment: ► Applied reason to the human world, not just the natural world ► Stimulated religious tolerance ► Fueled democratic revolutions around the world

Thomas Hobbes – Leviathan Hobbes believed that the state must have central authority to be able to manage behavior.

John Locke Two Treatises on Government Locke stated that people are sovereign and that monarchs are not chosen by God.

Montesquieu – The Spirit of Laws Montesquieu stated that the bet form of government includes a separation of powers.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau The Social Contract Rousseau felt that government is a contract between rulers and the people.

Voltaire Voltaire felt religious toleration should triumph over religious fanaticism and there should be separation of church and state.

Political philosophies of the Enlightenment fueled revolution in the Americas and France.

Thomas Jefferson’s Declaration of Independence incorporated Enlightenment ideas. Also, the Constitution of the United States of America and the Bill of Rights incorporated Enlightenment philosophy.

The ideas of the Enlightenment and French participation in the American Revolution influenced the French people to view their government in new ways.

When representatives to the French Estates General declared they would meet until they had prepared a constitution. In response, Louis XVI moved troops into Paris.

The people feared that Louis XVI would drive out the National Assembly. Their response was to storm the Bastille prison and destroy it. The Bastille prison had long been a symbol of royal oppression.

After the Third Estate liberals took over the French government, they began executing anyone who disagreed with them. This included Marie- Antoinette. This was a period known as the Reign of Terror.

One of the outcomes of the French Revolution was the end of the absolute monarchy of Louis XVI. Execution of Louis XVI

The Revolution also provided an opportunity for able military leaders. Napoleon Bonaparte began his rise to power after he stopped an uprising in Paris that would have prevented the creation of the Directory.

The ideas and examples of the American and French Revolutions influenced the people of Latin America to establish independent nations.

French, Spanish, and Portuguese colonies in the Americas gained their independence.

In Haiti, Touissaint L’Ouverture, a former slave, started a revolt against the French. The rebel Haitians defeated the French and in 1804 Haiti proclaimed its independence. Touissaint L’Ouverture

Simon Bolivar was called the “Liberator.” He devoted his life to the freedom for Latin America from Spain. He helped several countries in South America gain independence. Simon Bolivar

The Enlightenment brought a new emphasis on order and balance in the arts as artists borrowed heavily from classical Greece and Rome, and new forms of literature were established.

Representative artists, philosophers, and writers ► Composers – Johann Sebastian Bach Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart ► Painter – Eugene Delacroix ► Philosopher – Voltaire ► Novelist – Miguel Cervantes (The novel was a new form of literature that had evolved during this period.)

Art during this period took on a new form. Paintings depicted classical subjects, public events, natural scenes, and portraits of living people. Delacroix’s painting “ Liberty Leading the People”

The Age of Reason witnessed inventions and innovations in technology that stimulated trade and transportation.

All-weather roads improved year round transport and trade.

In the agricultural revolution, new designs in farm tools increased productivity.

Improvements in ship design lowered the cost of transport.

1. Identify the discovery each person is associated with. Harvey Newton Capernicus Kepler GalileoHeliocentric theory Planetary motion Gravity and motion Circulation of blood in the body Used telescope to show earth goes around sun

2. What is the heliocentric theory? The earth revolves around the sun. What happened to Galileo when he supported the heliocentric theory? The Catholic Church put him on trial.

3. Who first stated the heliocentric theory? Copernicus Who discovered planetary motion? Kepler

4. How did Peter the Great attempt to change Russia? He tried to westernize Russia.

5. Who was known as the Sun King? Louis XIV What did he build? Palace of Versailles

6. What monarch did Oliver Cromwell defeat at the direction of Parliament? Charles I What happened to Charles I? He was beheaded.

6. Why was the Glorious Revolution significant? Parliament selected the monarch then limited the power of the monarch. Who became the monarch as a result of the Glorious Revolution? William and Mary

7. Match the Enlightened thinker with his philosophy. Voltaire Montesquieu Rousseau Separation of powers Social contract between rulers and people Separation of church and state

8. How did Hobbes and Locke differ in their thinking? Hobbes believed in a strong central government. Locke believed in the natural rights of people.

9. Name three things the Enlightenment thinkers influenced. The American Revolution The French Revolution The Declaration of Independence

11. Where did Toussaint L’Ouverture lead a revolution? Haiti Against what country? France

12. Who is the “Liberator?” Simon Bolivar Where did he lead a revolt? Throughout South America against Spain

13. How did the people respond when Louis XVI tried to prevent the writing of the Constitution? The storming of the Bastille

15. How did the French Revolution end? Napoleon Bonaparte came into power as a dictator

16. What was new about Don Quixote? It was a novel. Who wrote it? Miquel Cervantes