Reaction, Revolution, & Romanticism: AP European History Ms. Blank

Timeline of Key Events/Concepts: Congress of Vienna ◦ 1815 Reaffirmation of the Quadruple Alliance ◦ 1818 Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle ◦ Congress of Troppau ◦ 1820 Congress of Laibach ◦ 1821 Revolt in Southern Italy ◦ 1821 Greek Revolt ◦ 1821 Congress of Verona ◦ 1822 Revolt in Spain ◦ 1823 Monroe Doctrine ◦ 1823 Treaty of Adrianople ◦ 1829 Greek Independence ◦ 1830

Background: Europe very unstable: politically, economically, culturally 2 primary causes ◦ French Revolution ◦ Industrial Revolution Both caused ◦ Social upheaval ◦ Political revolts ◦ Economic changes

Ideologies: Conservatism Liberalism Nationalism Early Socialism

Conservative Ideology: Key Components of Conservatism ◦ Obedience to political authority ◦ Organized religion (statewide) necessary ◦ No revolutionary upheavals ◦ Civil liberties unimportant ◦ Representative governments = unstable govt. ◦ Nationalism = bad news & instability ◦ Community over individual rights ◦ Society must be ordered (social classes) ◦ Traditions must be maintained

Conservative Ideology: cont … Key Components of Conservatism (Edmond Burke) ◦ 1790: “Reflections on the Revolution in France ◦ Social contract did exist ◦ Existed between those living, dead, & yet to be born ◦ Each generation has the duty to preserve the existing order of society for the next ◦ No violent overthrow of govt. justified ◦ Change ok; sudden change, not ok

Conservative Ideology: Key Components of Conservatism (Joseph de Maistre) ◦ More authoritarian & very against revolution of any kind ◦ Advocate of absolute monarchy  Monarchies were divinely sanctioned institutions  Hereditary monarchy  Best way to preserve order & maintain peace  Authoritarianism justified in order to accomplish this

Liberalism: Roots in the Enlightenment Adopted by the Industrial Middle Class 2 types ◦ Economic ◦ Political People should be as free from restraint as possible

Nationalism: Rooted in French Revolution Adopted by divided & subject nations ◦ Germany ◦ Hungry sense of national consciousness based on common traditions, institutions, language, & customs that becomes the focus of individual political loyalty

Early Socialism: Roots in the industrial revolution Adopted by reformers 2 types ◦ Economic  Anti-capitalist  Government control of production & goods ◦ Political  Equality of social conditions  Increased human cooperation collective or government ownership of the means of production & distribution of goods

The Conservative Order: The Peace Settlement ◦ Containing revolution Conservative Ideology ◦ Containing liberal & nationalist forces Dominance of the Conservative Ideology ◦ Latin American Revolt ◦ Greek Revolt

The Peace Settlement: Four key powers: Quadruple Alliance ◦ Great Britain ◦ Austria ◦ Prussia ◦ Russia Meant to keep any 1 country from controlling Europe & stop revolutionary movements Goal: reestablish legitimacy & preserve traditions in & through local government, with management by the Quadruple Alliance Accomplished through: ◦ Restoration of Bourbon Monarchy in France ◦ Dividing the Napoleonic Empire between 4 nations ◦ Restoration of Italian, Polish, & Spanish monarchies

The Peace Settlement: cont… France still very powerful Strategic actions taken to limit power & ability of France to expand Congress of Vienna created new German Confederation designed to stop French Expansion ◦ KEY IDEA: C of V created new political order that kept Europe peaceful for almost a century ◦ Balance of Power in Europe was achieved

During Napoleon After Congress of Vienna

Conservative Ideology: Key Components of Conservatism ◦ Obedience to political authority ◦ Organized religion (statewide) necessary ◦ No revolutionary upheavals ◦ Civil liberties unimportant ◦ Representative governments = unstable govt. ◦ Nationalism = bad news & instability ◦ Community over individual rights ◦ Society must be ordered (social classes) ◦ Traditions must be maintained

Conservative Ideology: cont … Key Components of Conservatism (Edmond Burke) ◦ 1790: “Reflections on the Revolution in France ◦ Social contract did exist ◦ Existed between those living, dead, & yet to be born ◦ Each generation has the duty to preserve the existing order of society for the next ◦ No violent overthrow of govt. justified ◦ Change ok; sudden change, not ok

Conservative Ideology: Key Components of Conservatism (Joseph de Maistre) ◦ More authoritarian & very against revolution of any kind ◦ Advocate of absolute monarchy  Monarchies were divinely sanctioned institutions  Hereditary monarchy  Best way to preserve order & maintain peace  Authoritarianism justified in order to accomplish this

Conservative Dominance: The Concert of Europe ◦ Grew out of Quadruple Alliance ◦ Formed due to intense fear of revolutionary sentiment ◦ Goal: to maintain newly constructed status quo ◦ Required periodic meetings of heads to state to evaluate European state of affairs

Conservative Dominance: cont … Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle ◦  France added to concert of Europe  This was as nice as it got Congress of Troppau ◦ 1820  Called to deal with revolts in Spain & Italy  Principle of Intervention  Concert had right to send armies to restore & defend existing monarchies – anywhere in Europe  Complications  Great Britain did not sign off  Other 3 organized a 3 rd conference without Britain

Conservative Dominance: cont … Congress of Laibach ◦ 1821  Called in direct response to Great Britain’s objections to the Principle of Intervention  Results:  Concert of Europe broken  Rebellion squashing successful in Europe, not successful in Latin America Congress of Verona ◦ 1822

Conservative Dominance: Latin America ◦ Controlled by Spanish & Portugues ◦ Napoleon began domino effect in LA  Argentina: 1810  Chile: 1817  Columbia: 1819  Venezuela: 1821  Peru: 1824  Mexico: 1825  Brazil: 1825 ◦ Concert of Europe tried to intervene but failed ◦ GB & the US joined forces to stop Concert from taking control of Latin America  President Monroe enacted Monroe Doctrine

Europe in 1815 Europe in 1830

Conservative Dominance: Greece & the Ottoman Empire ◦ Concert of Europe turned the tables on the Ottomans & supported Greek Revolution ◦ Started Russian-Turkish War  Ended with Treaty of Adrianople ◦ Only successful revolution in Europe during this period --- only successful because the Concert supported it ◦ Monarchy established in Greece