1 Ch. 5 Sec. 3 Sparta & Athens

2 Sparta: the Military Ideal Late 1100s B.C. invaders from the north conquered the Peloponnesus Late 1100s B.C. invaders from the north conquered the Peloponnesus The invaders conquered a village that became their capital, Sparta The invaders conquered a village that became their capital, Sparta The conquered people were made to work for the Spartans & they were called helots The conquered people were made to work for the Spartans & they were called helots

3 3 social groups 3 social groups 1 st group: called the equals, controlled the city-state, had all the land 1 st group: called the equals, controlled the city-state, had all the land 2 nd group: called the half-citizens, they were free, paid taxes, served in the army, had no political power, farmers, worked in trade & industry 2 nd group: called the half-citizens, they were free, paid taxes, served in the army, had no political power, farmers, worked in trade & industry 3 rd group: the helots, became slaves for the Spartans 3 rd group: the helots, became slaves for the Spartans

4 Helots outnumbered the Spartans so the Spartans used force to control them & is one reason why the Spartans created a military society Spartan gov’t had 2 kings: one king led the army, the other took care of matters at home

5 Sparta had a Council of Elders made up of 28 male citizens over the age of 60; proposed laws, served as a criminal court Sparta had a Council of Elders made up of 28 male citizens over the age of 60; proposed laws, served as a criminal court Sparta also had an assembly made up of all male citizens over the age of 30; voted or rejected laws proposed by the Elders Sparta also had an assembly made up of all male citizens over the age of 30; voted or rejected laws proposed by the Elders

6 The assembly also elected 5 ephors for one year terms who were in charge of keeping the kings w/in the law & complete control over the education of young Spartans The assembly also elected 5 ephors for one year terms who were in charge of keeping the kings w/in the law & complete control over the education of young Spartans

7 Sparta controlled the lives of its citizens from birth to death Sparta controlled the lives of its citizens from birth to death Any newborn baby that looked unhealthy was left to die Any newborn baby that looked unhealthy was left to die At age 7, boys left home to live in the military barracks At age 7, boys left home to live in the military barracks Ages 18 to 20 they trained specifically for war Ages 18 to 20 they trained specifically for war

8 At age 20 male citizens began military service; they could marry but not live at home until the age of 30 At age 20 male citizens began military service; they could marry but not live at home until the age of 30 Men remained available for military service until the age of 60 Men remained available for military service until the age of 60 Girls received strict physical training & were taught devotion to the city-state Girls received strict physical training & were taught devotion to the city-state

9 Athens: The Birth of Democracy Athens developed on the Attic peninsula where the soil was not fertile, so the Athenians became excellent sea traders Athens developed on the Attic peninsula where the soil was not fertile, so the Athenians became excellent sea traders With the introduction of coined $, (600s B.C.) trading became easier to buy & sell goods With the introduction of coined $, (600s B.C.) trading became easier to buy & sell goods

10 Athenian Society Citizens formed the top group in Athenian society (could be rich aristocrats or poor farmers) only Athenian-born men had full political rights Citizens formed the top group in Athenian society (could be rich aristocrats or poor farmers) only Athenian-born men had full political rights The next group was the metics, people were non-citizens bcuz they had been born outside Athens The next group was the metics, people were non-citizens bcuz they had been born outside Athens

11 Metics were free & paid taxes, but couldn’t own land or take part in gov’t Slaves were at the bottom of society; usually caught in war

12 Early Athenian Gov’t Athens started as a monarchy, but then became an aristocratic gov’t (citizens who owned land held office, all adult males were part of the assembly, elected generals in time of war, & elected archons, rulers who served one-year terms)

13 Athenians complained about the laws not being in print until Draco created Athen’s first written law code around 621 B.C.; laws were harsh & severe (Draconian Law) Athenians complained about the laws not being in print until Draco created Athen’s first written law code around 621 B.C.; laws were harsh & severe (Draconian Law) As Athens developed, nobles & metics grew wealthy from trade, but farmers grew poor & many sold themselves to slavery to pay debt As Athens developed, nobles & metics grew wealthy from trade, but farmers grew poor & many sold themselves to slavery to pay debt

14 Solon (archon in 594 B.C.) erased the debts of the poor & outlawed slavery for debt Solon (archon in 594 B.C.) erased the debts of the poor & outlawed slavery for debt He divided all citizens into 4 groups based on wealth: the 2 richest groups could hold public office, but all citizens sat in the assembly that elected those officials He divided all citizens into 4 groups based on wealth: the 2 richest groups could hold public office, but all citizens sat in the assembly that elected those officials Solon set up a court made up of citizen jurors Solon set up a court made up of citizen jurors

15 Peisistratus ruled from 546 B.C. to 527 B.C. as a tyrant; he improved the economy, but clashed w/ the nobles Peisistratus ruled from 546 B.C. to 527 B.C. as a tyrant; he improved the economy, but clashed w/ the nobles Cleisthenes seized power in 507 B.C. & turned Athens into a democracy Cleisthenes seized power in 507 B.C. & turned Athens into a democracy He divided Athens into 10 tribes & each tribe chose 50 members to form the Council of 500 He divided Athens into 10 tribes & each tribe chose 50 members to form the Council of 500

16 Members of the Council served 1 yr. terms & no more than twice Members of the Council served 1 yr. terms & no more than twice The Council proposed laws to the assembly, but assembly had final authority The Council proposed laws to the assembly, but assembly had final authority

17 Cleisthenes made the courts more democratic by letting citizens be the jurors, letting each man plead his own case & the jury voted on each case by secret ballot Cleisthenes made the courts more democratic by letting citizens be the jurors, letting each man plead his own case & the jury voted on each case by secret ballot Cleisthenes used direct democracy - citizens participated directly in making decisions Cleisthenes used direct democracy - citizens participated directly in making decisions The U.S. uses representative democracy-where citizens elect representatives to govern for them The U.S. uses representative democracy-where citizens elect representatives to govern for them