WAR AND PEACE Chapter 5 How did military events and their consequences contribute to the foundations of Canada?

Definitions Superpower: A country that is more powerful than almost all other countries.

Think back... What was the driving force behind exploration?

Think back... What was the driving force behind exploration? #1 gaining access to valuable resources

Think back... What was the driving force behind exploration? #1 gaining access to valuable resources What resources did “superpower” countries want to obtain?

Think back... What was the driving force behind exploration? #1 gaining access to valuable resources What resources did “superpower” countries want to obtain? Spices, silks, sugar, rubber, ivory, diamonds, slaves, fish, furs, timber and land.

Why were the French and English at war with each other?

The French and English at War They wanted more territories. They wanted the resources in these territories. Between 1690 and 1763, France and England were almost always at war with each other. In this Chapter, we’re going to look at the Seven Years War and how France and England fought for control of New France.

Perspectives of War As we read the chapter, we will discuss war through the eyes of those affected by it. Please go to page 7 “Perspectives about War” in your Chapter 5 booklet. After reading the opinions expressed by the “talking heads” on pg 99 in the textbook, rewrite the opinions IN YOUR OWN WORDS.

Background to War When the Seven Years’ War began in 1756, it was close to be coming a world war. France and England fought in:  Europe  India  The Caribbean  Africa  North America

The French Perspective By 1750, the French were well established in North America. French colonists lived in a huge area including Ile Saint-Jean (PEI), Cape Breton and Louisiana. Acadia belong to the British but was inhabited by French speaking people. The heart of New France was a colony along the St. Lawrence River. About colonists lived there.

The French Perspective The colonists were no longer Europeans. Why?

The French Perspective The colonists were no longer Europeans. Why? By 1750, most of the population had been born in New France. They were now CANADIENS!

The French Perspective New France felt secure: a) They were protected by their home country. b) They had a large number of soldiers living in the colony. c) They had mighty fortresses at Quebec and Louisbourg (on Cape Breton island). The French felt that the English armies would never get past them!

Fortress Quebec By 1750, Quebec had grown to be the largest town in New France with a population of about It was the centre of French Power in North America.

Fortress Quebec Quebec had two parts: A. Upper Town – walled fortress high above the river on top of a cliff. Includes the governor’s mansion and homes of the wealthy. B. Lower Town – the port, huddled between the river and the cliff. Includes stone warehouses, and the homes of the tradespeople, labourers and shopkeepers. It was the gateway to the colony. All ships coming up the river had to pass within cannon range of Quebec.

Fort Louisbourg Louisbourg was the French naval base on the east coast of Canada. After the war, all that was left of Louisbourg was a pile of rocky rubble. For 150 years it lay deserted until it was made a National Historic Site in In the 1960’s, work began to rebuild and restore the fortress to how it would have looked in the 1750’s.

Fort Louisbourg

Do you think projects like Fort Louisbourg are important? Why or why not?

Fort Louisbourg Do you think projects like Fort Louisbourg are important? Why or why not?  These types of projects help Canadians feel a strong connection with our history.  It helps us know who we are.

The English Perspective English colonists from the Thirteen Colonies far outnumbered the French Colonists of New France. They wanted to move from the East Coast into the interior of North America. They wanted more farmland for their growing population. They also wanted to trade with the First Nations in the interior. What resource do you think the British wanted to continue to control?

The English Perspective The Atlantic fisheries! England also wanted to control the St. Lawrence River. The English felt trapped, but they had the most powerful navy in the world.

Questions Background to War page Why did New France feel secure against an attack from the British? (2 pts) pg Why did the English colonies want to gain control of the interior of the continent? (4 pts) pg 102

Definitions Acadian: A Francophone citizen of Acadia.

The Acadians In the mid-1700s, the Acadians were the descendents of the French colonists who had farmed the shores of the Bay of Fundy. By 1710, most of Acadia was under British control. By 1750, over Acadians lived on small farms and villages along the Bay of Fundy. Many had intermarried with their Mikmaq trading partners. They were mainly French speaking Catholics.

Caught in the Middle Britain always wanted English speaking people to live in Acadia. As tensions between France and Britain grew, the governor, Charles Lawrence became worried that the Acadians might side with the French.

Caught in the Middle The Mi’kmaq and Maliseet were allies with the Acadians, and over the years had captured many British ships. The Acadians refused to swear loyalty to Britain.

Caught in the Middle In 1755, Governor Lawrence gave the Acadians a choice: swear your loyalty to Britain or lose you land. What choice would you make? Why?

Caught in the Middle The Acadians did not want to fight, but they also didn’t want to have choose sides - They wanted to remain neutral. They promised not to take up arms against the English, but they refused to take an oath.

Caught in the Middle Governor Lawrence was convinced that the British would not be safe with the Acadians living in Nova Scotia. He found his proof when British troops captured Fort Beauséjour from the French in 1755.

Caught in the Middle British troops found 300 Acadians defending the French fort. To Lawrence, this proved they were disloyal.

Fort Beauséjour

Caught in the Middle If you were Governor Lawrence what would you do? A) Let the Acadians stay on their land. B) Force the Acadians to sign an oath. C) Punish the Acadians by destroying their villages and taking their resources. D) Deport them - kick them off British land.

The Acadians British Governor Charles Lawrence and the Nova Scotia Council decided on July 28, 1755 to deport the Acadians. The Deportation Order by Claude T. Picard

Le Grand Dérangement – The Great Deportation Lawrence gave orders: “The French inhabitants of the province shall be removed out of the country as soon as possible.”

Le Grand Dérangement – The Great Deportation British soldiers rounded up people at gunpoint. They broke up families and made them board ships for separate countries. They burned homes and churches. They destroyed farms and drove off animals.

The Grand Dérangement displaced from 10,000 to 18,000 Acadians. Thousands more were killed. Ships Take Acadians Into Exile by Claude T. Picard Le Grand Dérangement – The Great Deportation

The Acadians were sent all over the world. Many ended up in the Caribbean, France, England, and Louisiana. Many others were able to escape to the woods. Many Acadians didn’t survive the deportation dying of disease, starvation or drowning.

British authorities in 1764 allowed Acadians to return in small isolated groups. They returned slowly, settling in various locations on mainland Nova Scotia and Cape Breton Island. Migrations and Return by Claude T. Picard Le Grand Dérangement – The Great Deportation

Questions 3. What three specific events lead to Governor Lawrence (the English) expelling the Acadians from their land in Nova Scotia? (3 pts) (pg ) 4. Governor Lawrence abused the Acadian people’s rights through the Grand Dérangement. Pg a) Explain how he did this, using specific examples from the text. (3 pts) b) In your own point of view, do you think Lawrence had to abuse people’s human rights? (2 pts)

Definitions Canada: the French colony. siege: a blockade of a city.

The Struggle for Canada Pg Looking at this map. What do you think the British would have to do to gain control of New France?

The Struggle for Canada Pg Looking at this map. What do you think the British would have to do to gain control of New France? They would have to capture Louisbourg and Quebec because they were France’s two centres of power in North America.

Capturing Louisbourg

June 1758 warships and troops arrived off Louisbourg from Halifax. The British lay siege on Louisbourg cutting the fortress off from supplies and reinforcements. The British sank ships one by one as the fortress watched. British launched cannon balls into the fortress. 7 weeks later, the French at Louisbourg surrender.

The St. Lawrence River After the fall of Louisbourg, the English controlled the St. Lawrence River. Why would this help the British gain control of New France?

Onward to Canada In spring of 1759 a fleet led by Major-General James Wolfe moves up the St. Lawrence River towards Quebec. What challenges would the English face when they arrived at Quebec?

Onward to Canada The Challenges at Quebec:  16 00o troops  a stone fortress that couldn’t easily be captured – well defended and on a high cliff  Cold weather and winter only a few months away

Onward to Canada The battle at Quebec lasts 9 weeks. The fortress lay in ruins, but is still not captured. Wolfe unleashes an attack on the countryside, burning villages and homes. Habitant families are forced to flee to the fortress. Winter is fast approaching – Wolfe must act fast!

The Battle of the Plains of Abraham Midnight September 12, 1759 the first British soldiers stepped ashore and make their way to the farmers field known as the Plains of Abraham. The sun rises and the French see thousands of British soldiers ready for battle just outside Quebec’s gates.

The Battle of the Plains of Abraham Montcalm emerges from the city leading 4000 troupes into battle with the British.

The Battle of the Plains of Abraham Montcalm and Wolfe are both killed in battle.

The Battle of the Plains of Abraham After 15 minutes, the French turn and flee to Montreal. The English troops enter the city. 8 September, 1760, the French surrender at Montreal.

The Battle of the Plains of Abraham With the capturing at Louisbourg and Quebec, and with the French surrendering at Montreal New France passed into the British hands.

Question The Struggle for Canada Timeline 1. Place the events listed in the box in Chronological Order. 2. Create a timeline of these events. * Be sure to label each event and include a date/time if available Chapter Questions: 5. What might have happened if French ships had arrived in Québec before the British ships did in 1759? (2 points)

The Battle of the Plains of Abraham Please read the “History Happens” article on the Battle of the Plains of Abraham. Whose perspective do you think the article is written from, the British or the French?

The Battle of the Plains of Abraham “The National Battlefields Commission has cancelled a re-enactment of the Battle of the Plains of Abraham set for Quebec City this summer (2009) due to security concerns that the mock battle could turn into a modern- day conflict... The mock battle was supposed to be the highlight of a series of commemorative activities this summer in Quebec City to mark the 250th anniversary of the battle in which the British beat the French for control of what was then called New France.” no_ads= no_ads

The Battle of the Plains of Abraham "But the problem is it's being cancelled now for the wrong reasons, because of threats of violence...And it's never a good reason to cancel something just because you're afraid.” "In re-enacting history, there are no winners and losers. All we're trying to do is show history. Period. It's non- political. It's just us trying to bring the facts to the forefront." Do you think event organizers made the correct decision in cancelling the re-enactment?

Questions Please answer the following questions on a sheet of paper in paragraph form and hand it in when you are finished. 1. Do you think event organizers made the correct decision in cancelling the re-enactment of the Battle of the Plains of Abraham? Why or why not? 2. Would you participate in a historical re- enactment? Why or why not?

The First Nations and the War The First Nations were deeply involved in the war between the French and the English. Who do you think the majority of the First Nations sided with? The French or the English?

The First Nations and the War The First Nations were deeply involved in the war between the French and the English. Who do you think the First Nations sided with? The French or the English? Most First Nations sided with the French, because of their long history of trading. Some Haudenosaunee sided with the English.

The First Nations and the War The First Nations fought independently as well as alongside their allies on the battlefield. The First Nations did not stop fighting after the French surrendered. The First Nations and the English first had to negotiate neutrality before the English could declare victory.

The First Nations and the War Following the war, France and England made peace. They signed a treaty in It gave England possession of most of North America. The treaty disappointed the First Nations. What do you think the French and British did that disappointed them?

The First Nations and the War Following the war, France and England made peace. They signed a treaty in It gave England possession of most of North America. The treaty disappointed the First Nations. What do you think the French and British did that disappointed them? The future of their land was at stake, yet no one invited them to take part in the peace process.

The First Nations and the War The French governor made the English promise not to take revenge against the First Nations peoples who sided with the French. The British took over the fur trade and were not as generous as the French had been. The First Nations were worried about the British newcomers. Gradually, the First Nations were losing their lands. They began to consider war.

Pontiac’s War Against the British The person who inspired a war against the British was a man named Pontiac. He was the leader of the Odawa. He convinced several First Nations to join together to drive the British out of the Ohio River Valley.

Pontiac’s War Against the British In May 1763, Pontiac and his allies laid siege to seven out of ten English forts. He had hoped the French would come to help him, as he had helped them in their war with the English. But, the French had already surrendered at Montreal, and with that their alliance fell apart.

Tactics vs. Physical Strength Fort Michilimackinac was held by the British and was the first target of the Chippewa. The fort was too strong to attack outright, so they devised a plan.

Tactics vs. Physical Strength First Nations men gathered outside the walls of the fort and began a game of lacrosse. British soldiers started to gather and watch as the players chased the ball back and forth. Suddenly, one of the players tossed the ball through the fort’s open gates. OOPS!

Tactics vs. Physical Strength The players rushed into the fort after the ball. The First Nations women who had been watching, handed the men weapons which they had hidden under their clothing. They took the British by complete surprise, and capture the fort in just a few minutes.

Question The First Nations and the War page As Britain expanded its control in North America, the First Nations were concerned that their interests would not be respected. Why did First Nations have good reason to be concerned about their future? Use specific examples from the text. (3 points) pg Who was Pontiac? What role did he play in the war between the British and French? (3 points) pg 115

Definitions assimilate: A process by which culture or individual is absorbed into a more dominant culture because of its overwhelming influence. Eviction: to force out by legal process Accommodate: to make fit Bilingualism: A policy of recognizing two official languages.

After the War The BIG PROBLEM: How could the Canadiens, English, First Nations and Métis live together in a single colony in peace? Each Group had their own concerns.

After the War Pg The First Nations

After the War Pg The First Nations - They were tired of war and wanted to return to normal life. - They were afraid that land-hungry newcomers would flood their territories.

After the War Pg The Canadiens

After the War Pg The Canadiens - They had to rebuild their colony. - Would they be allowed to speak French? - Would they be allowed to continue practicing the Catholic faith? - Would they be forced to abandon their homes like the Acadians?

After the War Pg The British Rulers

After the War Pg The British Rulers - They had a colony of people who didn’t all speak the same language and didn’t have the same beliefs. - The Canadiens had a different form of government, laws, and way of doing things. - What could happen to the First Nations who were allies with the French during the war? - How could they make everyone loyal to the British crown?

After the War Pg The fighting over New France ended in 1760 with the surrender of Montréal but continued in Europe and other parts of the world for three more years. France and Britain signed The Treaty of Paris in 1763 ending the conflict.

After the War Pg The Treaty of Paris. 1.France gave up claim to Québec or any other part of North America. * See the map on page 118

After the War Pg The Treaty of Paris. 2. France received Guadeloupe, a sugar-producing island in the caribbean.

After the War Pg The Treaty of Paris. 3. The French remained in control of the tiny islands of Saint-Pierre and Miquelon near the coast of Newfoundland. *See the map on page 118

After the War Pg The British had to make a decision on how to govern the colony. They had to choose between: Eviction, Assimilation and Accommodation. (page 117) With a partner complete the chart in your Chapter 5 Booklet. List two pros and two cons for each option. You have 10 minutes.

After the War Pg Do you think the British chose to Evict, Assimilate or Accommodate the French? a) Evict b) Assimilate c) Accommodate

After the War Pg The decision: Assimilation - The Canadiens would become more like the British and would lose their language and culture. The Royal Proclamation of 1763 laid out the British government’s plans for the colony. (page 118)

The Royal Proclamation New France became the province of Québec and became much smaller. The interior was set aside for the First Nations. British laws and courts replaced the French system. Civil government replaced military government. Britain would appoint a governor and a council of advisors. The Catholic church could no longer tithe. Catholics were not allowed to hold government positions.

After the War Pg The Canadiens had developed a strong identity that could not be “made” British. They were determined to survive as a people. - The British did not want trouble in Québec so they decided to recognize the Canadiens rights. - The Québec Act of 1774 was a law passed with new plans for the colony recognizing the rights that had been taken away with the Proclamation. (page 120)

The Québec Act Québec was expanded to the size it had been when it was a colony of New France. Much of the land set aside for the First Nations became part of Quebec. Other lands were still protected. French language rights were recognized. The French seigneurial system remained in place. Catholics were given freedom of religion and were allowed to hold government jobs. French civil law could be used in some matters. Catholic Church could hold property and tithe.

Bilingualism Bilingualism recognizes two of the peoples that forged the foundations of Canada: the French and the English. It means Canada has two official languages. Canadian citizens have the right to government services in either language. It also means they have the right to do business in either language. Bilingualism is central to the Canadian identity.

Bilingualism The origin of bilingualism was the Québec Act. The British recognized the Canadiens’ right to maintain their language and traditions. This was a foundation for peace. Québec, and later Canada, became a partnership between French and English speaking citizens.

Questions 9. Based on your “T-Chart”, which was the better deal for the Canadiens; the Royal Proclamation or the Québec Act? Use specific examples. (4 points)

Test Review Answer the following question in paragraph form: The Battle of the Plains of Abraham and the Seven Years War played a pivotal role in shaping the Canadian identity. Explain. (5 pts)

Test Review Answer the following question in paragraph form: The Battle of the Plains of Abraham and the Seven Years War played a pivotal role in shaping the Canadian identity. Explain. (5 pts) The treaty of Paris created peace between France and Britain (French and English.) The British won - if the French won, would we be a French dominant country? The Great Deportation – Acadians spread all over the world, strong Acadian pride on the East Coast. The Royal Proclamation and the Quebec Act – took away and gave back French rights. Start of bilingualism.

Flip Book Which of the following did NOT happen to the Acadiens. A) They were rounded up a gunpoint. B) Families were allowed to remain together. C) Houses, churches and farms were burned.

Flip Book Which of the following did NOT happen to the Acadiens. A) They were rounded up a gunpoint. B) Families were allowed to remain together. C) Houses, churches and farms were burned.

Flip Book When the British Soldiers step ashore in Québec in preparation for the Battle of the Plains of Abraham? A. As soon as they got there. B. Midnight. C. They never did.

Flip Book When the British Soldiers step ashore in Québec in preparation for the Battle of the Plains of Abraham? A. As soon as they got there. B. Midnight. C. They never did.

Flip Book _________ had the most powerful navy in Europe. A. The British B. The French

Flip Book _________ had the most powerful navy in Europe. A. The British B. The French

Flip Book After being defeated during the Battle of the Plains of Abraham, where did the French flee to? A. Montréal B. The Miqmaq village nearby. C. Their moms.

Flip Book After being defeated during the Battle of the Plains of Abraham, where did the French flee to? A. Montréal B. The Miqmaq village nearby. C. Their moms.

Flip Book This fortress is hard to capture because it is surrounded by walls and is situated on top of a hill. A. Fort Louisbourg B. Fortress Québec C. Fort Beauséjour

Flip Book This fortress is hard to capture because it is surrounded by walls and is situated on top of a hill. A. Fort Louisbourg B. Fortress Québec C. Fort Beauséjour

Flip Book Pontiac had hoped ____________ would help him in his war against the British. A. The French. B. The Haudenosaunee. C. General James Wolfe.

Flip Book Pontiac had hoped ____________ would help him in his war against the British. A. The French. B. The Haudenosaunee. C. General James Wolfe.

Flip Book Fort Louisbourg was captured because: A. The French all died. B. The First Nations tricked them. C. The French surrendered.

Flip Book Fort Louisbourg was captured because: A. The French all died. B. The First Nations tricked them. C. The French surrendered.

Flip Book The Chippewa’s capture of Fort Michilimackinac is an example of success due to: A. tactic B. physical strength

Flip Book The Chippewa’s capture of Fort Michilimackinac is an example of success due to: A. tactic B. physical strength

Flip Book How long did the battle for Québec last? A. 3 years B. 7 years C. 9 weeks

Flip Book How long did the battle for Québec last? A. 3 years B. 7 years C. 9 weeks

Flip Book The Royal Proclamation shows the British government’s attempt to _________ the French. A) Evict B) Assimilate C) Accommodate

Flip Book The Royal Proclamation shows the British government’s attempt to _________ the French. A) Evict B) Assimilate C) Accommodate

Flip Book What was the name of the French commander in the Battle of the Plains of Abraham? A. Montcalm B. Wolfe C. Beauséjour

Flip Book What was the name of the French commander in the Battle of the Plains of Abraham? A. Montcalm B. Wolfe C. Beauséjour

Flip Book After the war, the First Nations worried most about: A) Their land B) Their safety C) Their trading practice

Flip Book After the war, the First Nations worried most about: A) Their land B) Their safety C) Their trading practice

Whiteboard List two strengths the British possessed.

Whiteboard List two weaknesses the French possessed.

Whiteboard Who or what did the Fortress of Quebec protect?

Whiteboard Who or what did the Fortress of Quebec protect? The Governor The wealthy The Upper Town The soldiers

Whiteboard Who or what did the Fortress of Quebec protect? The Governor The wealthy The Upper Town The soldiers

FORMAT 12 Multiple Choice 3 Short Answer (13 points) 1 Long Answer (5 points) 1 sentence (1 point) Suggestions for studying: Chapter Questions and Booklet, Timeline, Strengths and Weaknesses table