TOPIC 2 : INDEPENDENT AFRICA

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Presentation transcript:

TOPIC 2 : INDEPENDENT AFRICA

2.1 WHAT WERE THE IDEAS THAT INFLUENCED THE INDEPENDENT STATES?

COLONIALISM Until 1960s most of Africa under colonial rule In the 1960s most of Africa became independent New states had different ideas about economic systems and forms of government

Decolonization and Independence

What types of economic systems were introduced?

Features of colonial economic systems: Not self sufficient Exported unprocessed minerals and cash crops cheaply Imported expensive manufactured goods Few secondary industries

New states wanted to promote economic development and industrialisation

Two main kinds of economic systems: Socialism (based on government control of economy) Capitalism (based on private ownership, free enterprise, competition)

African socialism

Leaders supported socialism for different reasons: Some said it was similar to traditional African society Others said state control necessary for transformation after colonial rule

Different forms of socialism introduced: Tanzania: collectivisation of agriculture; economic self-reliance

Different forms of socialism introduced: Ghana: large-scale government spending on public projects

Different forms of socialism introduced: Mozambique: closer to Marxism; nationalisation; collectivisation; banning of private business; one-party government

Different forms of socialism introduced: Zambia: Zambian humanism; mixed economy - combination of socialism and capitalism

Capitalism

Based on foreign investment; economic ties with West

Examples of capitalist economies: Kenya: state involvement but not state control of economy; white land sold to African farmers; marketing boards; foreign investment; African entrepreneurship - good economic growth but emergence of wealthy elite and dependence on Western investments

Examples of capitalist economies: Cote d’Ivoire: foreign investment in cocoa, coffee, timber industries - good economic growth but wealth centred in cities, not peasant agriculture

2.2 WHAT FORMS OF GOVERNMENT WERE INTRODUCED?

1. DEMOCRACY

Only Botswana had unbroken record of democracy: Elections every 5 years Opposition parties allowed to operate freely

2. ONE-PARTY STATES

• Many countries became one-party states • This was partly a legacy of colonial rule: » No tradition of democratic rule » Colonial governments used force to silence criticism or opposition

Other reasons for establishment of one-party states: » Traditional African societies based on authority of chiefs and consensus; not competitive elections, rivalry between parties » Single party system cheap and efficient » Means of creating unity and avoiding ethnic divisions » Marxist belief that small group needed to lead masses and set goals for development

One-party states led to abuse of power, dictatorship, reliance on army to stay in power, military coups, military dictatorships in:

» Congo/Zaire under Mobuto Sese Seko

» Uganda under Idi Amin

» Ethiopia under Mengistu