Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and Linux Chapter 11 Networking

Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and Linux Objectives Explain networking terminology View TCP/IP settings Access network resources View folder and file sharing permissions 2

Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and Linux Networking Terminology Client/Server Networks –Client/server model: Central idea of networking Relationship between two computers –Desktop computer (the client) makes service request of another computer (the server) 3

Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and Linux4 Figure 11-1 Client/server relationship Courtesy Course Technology/Cengage Learning

Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and Linux Peer-to-Peer Networks Employ desktop computers that are equally capable of being both clients and servers Example: small office/home office network Fedora 13: –Provides peer-to-peer networking with Samba –Samba: Based on Server Message Block (SMB) Identical to protocols provided by Windows 7 5

Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and Linux6 Figure 11-2 Peer-to-peer network Courtesy Course Technology/Cengage Learning

Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and Linux Networking Terminology (continued) LANs (local area networks) –Usually confined to a geographic area –Can be small, linking two or three computers –Often link hundreds of computers used by many people WANs (wide area networks) –Connects different LANs using services such as: Dedicated, leased data lines, satellite links, and data packet carrier services 7

Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and Linux8 Figure 11-3 Local area network Courtesy Course Technology/Cengage Learning

Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and Linux9 Figure 11-4 Wide area network Courtesy Course Technology/Cengage Learning

Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and Linux Networking Terminology (continued) Internet –System of linked networks –Communications highway for millions of users Intranet –Private network that uses Internet-type applications –Available only within a single organization –For large organizations: Allows easy access to Web-based applications 10

Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and Linux Networking Terminology (continued) VPN (virtual private network) –Uses tunneling to transfer data securely –Helps to save money by using: Public Internet to connect securely with private network Internet Protocol –Main networking protocol –Allows communication of data across a network –Computers can deliver packets based on unique IP addresses –Foundation of the Internet Protocol Suite 11

Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and Linux Networking Terminology (continued) Protocols –Set of rules that enables two computers to talk to each other –Computing standard that defines the syntax and regulations of a connection across a network Internet Protocol addresses –Identify two computers or devices in a network –IPv4 (IP Address Version 4): 32 bits divided into four octets between 0 – 255 –IPv6: consists of 128 bits 12

Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and Linux The Internet Protocol Suite Set of protocols used in combination for different networking tasks IP and TCP: –Underlying standards that all other protocols use –Commonly referred to as TCP/IP TCP: –Organizes data into packets and sends them to IP –Rebuilds files from individual packets IP sent 13

Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and Linux The Internet Protocol Suite (continued) Layers of the Internet Protocol Suite –Network (or Network Access) layer: links computers –Internet layer: allows IP to transfer packets across the link –Transport layer: uses TCP to organize packets –Application layer: consists of protocols for specific types of transfer 14

Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and Linux The Internet Protocol Suite (continued) 15 Figure 11-5 Internet Protocol Suite Courtesy Course Technology/Cengage Learning

Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and Linux The Internet Protocol Suite (continued) Application layer protocols –HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol): allows Web users to request Web sites from remote servers –FTP (File Transfer Protocol): allows for the rapid transfer of files across the Web –POP3 (Post Office Protocol 3): sends and receives –SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol): sends and receives 16

Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and Linux Viewing TCP/IP Settings IP address: –Numerical label assigned to devices participating in a computer network The subnetwork, or subnet: –Logically visible, distinctly addressed part of a single IP network The gateway IP address: node on a TCP/IP network DNS IP address of server providing domain name resolution: –Translates domain names into numerical (binary) identifiers 17

Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and Linux Viewing TCP/IP Settings (continued) Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP): –Used by hosts (DHCP clients) to retrieve IP address assignments and other configuration information –Uses a client/server architecture In the absence of DHCP: –All hosts on a network must be manually configured with static IP addresses 18

Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and Linux Viewing TCP/IP Settings in Windows 7 Use Windows 7 GUI tools or command line To display the Network Connection Details window: –Click Start –Right-click Network –Click Properties –Click the Local Area Connection link –Click Details No value for the DHCP enabled property indicates: –An administrator assigned a static configuration 19

Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and Linux20 Figure 11-6 Network Connection Details window Courtesy Course Technology/Cengage Learning

Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and Linux Viewing TCP/IP Settings in Windows 7 (continued) IPCONFIG /ALL command: –Provides network connection details –To access this information: Click Start Point to All Programs Click Accessories Click Command Prompt Type IPCONFIG /ALL Press Enter 21

Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and Linux22 Figure 11-7 Network connection details Courtesy Course Technology/Cengage Learning

Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and Linux Viewing TCP/IP Parameters in Fedora 13 Use GUI tools or Terminal window To display Ethernet Device settings: –Click System, point to Administration, click Network type your password, and then click Edit, or –Use the nm-tool command in a Terminal window, or –Use ifconfig –a command 23

Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and Linux24 Figure 11-8 Ethernet Device settings Courtesy Course Technology/Cengage Learning

Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and Linux25 Figure 11-9 Network Manager tool Courtesy Course Technology/Cengage Learning

Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and Linux Accessing Network Resources Accessing network resources in Windows 7 –Workgroup: Provides a basis for file and printer sharing Automatically created when peer-to-peer network is created Default: WORKGROUP –Homegroup: Makes it easy to share libraries and printers Protected with a password 26

Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and Linux Accessing Network Resources (continued) Network option on the Start menu: –Displays shortcuts to shared computers, printers, and other resources on the network To open the Network window: –Click Start and then click Network To see shares another computer is offering: –Type \\servername\ in Windows Search text box –Click server name To see the shares another computer is offering: –Type NET VIEW \\servername 27

Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and Linux28 Figure Network resources shown in workgroup Courtesy Course Technology/Cengage Learning

Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and Linux29 Figure Shares on the Host01 computer Courtesy Course Technology/Cengage Learning

Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and Linux30 Figure The NET VIEW command shows shares on the other computer Courtesy Course Technology/Cengage Learning

Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and Linux Accessing Network Resources (continued) UNC notation use: –Requires that you know name or IP address of server and share To open a folder to a network location: –Type the UNC in the search text box To access the files: –Click UNC displayed in the search results text box 31

Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and Linux32 Figure Accessing a network share from the Search window Courtesy Course Technology/Cengage Learning

Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and Linux Accessing Network Resources (continued) To access a network share from command prompt: –Double-click the command Prompt icon –Type: NET USE [drive letter | *] \\computer name\share name –You may specify a drive letter or permit Windows 7 to provide one: Example: NET USE N: \\Windows7\History 33

Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and Linux Accessing Network Resources in Fedora 13 To access a share, you must mount the share After you create a directory for mount destination: –Type mount command –Specify UNC for share, logon credentials, and destination directory –Once share completes: Change directory to mount destination Issue an ls command to view the files 34

Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and Linux35 Figure Mounting a Windows share in Linux Courtesy Course Technology/Cengage Learning

Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and Linux Accessing Network Printers It makes good economic sense to: –Share a printer –Make it available to several users on a network Network administrators: –Responsible for setting up shared printers on the network 36

Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and Linux Folder and File Sharing Permissions Managing Windows NT File System permissions –You must be able to view folder and file permissions –Only authorized users can access local and network folders and files NT File System required –To share folders and files with other network users –Only NTFS: Permits user accounts and user groups to be linked to folder and file permissions 37

Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and Linux Managing Windows NT File System Permissions (continued) Using local user groups –Used to simplify management and authorization of network resource –Groups are created to: Define sets of user accounts that require access to the same resources Viewing shared folder permissions –When sharing folder with network users, administrators: Must specify the level of access Balance security with functionality 38

Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and Linux Managing Windows NT File System Permissions (continued) 39 Table 11-1 Windows 7 shared folder permissions

Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and Linux Managing Windows NT File System Permissions (continued) Assigning NTFS permissions –Administrators secure folders and files on an NTFS volume –NT file system is required to use NTFS permissions –Assign file permissions to control access to files Multiple NTFS permissions –More effective to assign permissions to user groups –Permissions assigned at file level override those assigned at folder level 40

Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and Linux41 Table 11-2 NTFS folder permissions Managing Windows NT File System Permissions (continued)

Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and Linux42 Table 11-3 NTFS file permissions Managing Windows NT File System Permissions (continued)

Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and Linux Managing Windows NT File System Permissions (continued) Permission inheritance –Inheriting permissions of parent folder by default –Options to prevent inheritance: Copy inherited permissions from parent folder Remove inherited permissions and retain only assigned permissions 43

Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and Linux44 Figure Permission inheritance Courtesy Course Technology/Cengage Learning

Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and Linux Combining Shared Folder and NTFS Permissions Administrators gain the highest level of security and control NTFS: –Offers most flexible level of control –Can be assigned to resources on an individual basis To determine effective permissions for a given network resource: –Combine shared folder permissions –Combine NTFS folder permissions –Determine which permission is the most restrictive 45

Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and Linux46 Figure The result of combining shared folder and NTFS permissions Courtesy Course Technology/Cengage Learning

Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and Linux Moving and Copying Files in NTFS Volumes Files/folders inherit permissions from the destination folder When files/folders are moved within NTFS partition: –They do not need to be re-created When you move a file/folder between NTFS volumes: –It must be created on the destination volume FAT16 and FAT32 file systems –Do not supports NTFS permissions 47

Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and Linux Viewing Fedora 13 File Permissions Each file and directory: –Has permissions for owner, group, and everyone else Permissions for each group: –Consist of three (binary) bits 10th bit is the sticky bit To show the file permissions: –Use the ls command with the –l option 48

Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and Linux Viewing Fedora 13 File Permissions (continued) 49 Figure File permissions in Fedora 13 Courtesy Course Technology/Cengage Learning

Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and Linux Viewing Fedora 13 File Permissions (continued) 50 Figure Viewing file permissions in Fedora 13 Courtesy Course Technology/Cengage Learning

Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and Linux51 Figure Listing file permissions in Fedora 13 Courtesy Course Technology/Cengage Learning

Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and Linux Viewing Fedora 13 File Permissions (continued) 52 Figure Displaying file permissions in Fedora 13

Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and Linux The User Identification Attribute File permissions bits: –Include an execute permission bit for the file owner, the group, and others When the execute bit is set for the owner: –The SUID bit (set user ID) is set to s Permission allows user/process that runs the file to have same access to system resources as owner 53

Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and Linux The Sticky Bit Ensures that: –Only owner who created a file in directory can delete file and prevent malicious/accidental deletion When sticky bit is set: –A t appears as the third character of the Others permission bits 54

Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and Linux Summary Network : –Computers interconnected by communication paths To enable communications in a routed network: –Computer must have an IP address, subnet mask, gateway IP address, and DNS IP address Network resources, folders, files, and printers are shared on the network File permissions: –Enable users to access needed files –Enable groups to share project files and folders 55