Youth Livestock QA Bob Glock

S Peder Cuneo U of Az Extension Veterinarian GP 5b – Monogastric / Swine GPP 2 - Establish Veterinary Client Relationship & GPP 3 - Follow Healthy Production Practices & GPP - 6 Maintain Biosecurity

Start With a Healthy Animal The First Step in Biosecurity The First Step in Biosecurity The Most Important Step in Development of an effective vaccination program/herd health The Most Important Step in Development of an effective vaccination program/herd health Reduces (Eliminates) need for Treatment and residue worrries Reduces (Eliminates) need for Treatment and residue worrries Get Best Response to Feeding Program Get Best Response to Feeding Program

Introduction to Animal Health Program “Back To Basics” Proper nutrition Protein and trace minerals in young growing animals Low stress conditions Stress hormones reduce immune system Functioning immune system

The Plan You don’t JUST feed them Pigs need a good environment or they won’t respond to good nutrition Pigs respond to gentle treatment Make your wants easy for them

Pig Comfort Shade - “they sunburn” Good ventilation – no draft STABLE temperature Desert temps fluctuate 30 degrees 70-ish ( bedding, enclosure) Dry at night Nonstop good clean water Consistent feed supply

Consistent Feed Same time, same place, same thing Ulcers etc Particle Size / The Grind No hot sauce Gradual changes Fresh Taste Vitamins etc How to know

What’s in Feed? Corn Or milo, some wheat, barley Soybean meal VS meat and bone Vitamins Minerals Additives Hay???

Age Changes Preweaning Creep feed? Weaning = 2-4 weeks Lack enzymes High milk products High protein Fish meal / Plasma

Age Changes - 2 Nursery Environment Frequent feeding / easy access Several ration changes Medication? Grower Lower protein Less expensive

Age Changes - 3 Finisher Protein about 12 % High energy Gender specific Sows Limit feed = about 5 or 6 Lbs Feed to “condition” Maximize consumption when nursing

Feed Source Leave formula to the Pros Buy where sales cause turnover so fresh Read the label Additives must follow label Believe the suggestions Avoid Witchcraft

Tips Water = 1-2 gal / 100 Lbs Feed = 5-6 % body weight Usual “full feed” but limit feed is OK if ---- Consistent

Cattle Comfort Water Feed Space Shade (?) Wind Dust

Vaccine tools for the immune system Vaccination Programs Killed Vaccines and Toxoids Modified Live Chemically Altered

Major Types Killed Usually two doses Can produce local reaction (adjuvants) Less antigenic “May” be more expensive Modified Live (MLV) Often one dose Stimulate broader immunity Less reactive Can cause abortion (IBR) REQUIRE CAREFUL HANDLING –READ THE LABEL

What Vaccines To Use Origin, Previous Exposure, Risk Type of Animal Age of Animal Environment, Exposure Why are they used? Mostly Economic Advantages Lots of vaccines only reduce severity The answer is not in the syringe

Specific Vaccines Swine Erysipelas Mycoplasma Herd Specific Cattle Clostridial (Blackleg) Respiratory Viruses (IBR, BVD?, PI3)

Vaccine Handling Follow label Storage especially refrigeration FOLLOW LABELS PREGANCY STATUS, AGE, BOOSTER Expiration date Refrigeration after mixing MLV short life after mixing/temperature effect

Vaccination Procedures Make sure hide/skin is clean/free of mud and manure DO NOT USE SKIN DISINFECTANT OR DIP NEEDLE IN DISINFECTANT ESPECIALLY WHEN USING A MLV VACCINE DO NOT MIX VACCINES FOLLOW QA GUIDELINES ON INJECTION SITES

Vaccination Procedures Avoid Damage to the Product! FOLLOW LABEL DIRECTIONS Route of injection and location Tent skin for SubQ Bovine Needle length IM inch 16 or 18 gauge SubQ 3/4 inch or 1 inch gauge Pigs ½ to 1 inch; ga. Depending on age Spread out injection sites Change needles every head

Processing

Vaccine Labeling Label Claims Reflect Differing Levels of Assurance of Performance Label Claims are Negotiated Between USDA & Manufacturer USDA Provides Independent Assurance that Label Claims can be Substantiated BUT a) “To Prevent Infection...” b) “To Prevent Disease...” c) “As an Aid in the Prevention of Disease...”

VACCINE FAILURE FAILURE TO RESPOND INSUFFICIENT RESISTANCE BLOCKING MATERNAL ANTIBODIES LAG TIME FAILURE TO BOOST HANDLING Acute Reactions Persistent Infection Chronic Reactions Suppression of Performance Infectious, Contagious “Vaccines” Vaccinal Lesions at Slaughter

Drug use and label guidelines OTC (Over The Counter) Purchased and used by producer without input from veterinarian Product must have directions that are clear enough for safe and effective use by producer Owner is responsible for any residues ALL LABEL DIRECTIONS MUST BE FOLLOWED EXACTLY

Label guidelines II Legend drugs Drugs determined by FDA to require veterinary “supervision” for safe and effective use Name and address of dispensing veterinarian must be on container ALL DISPENSING DIRECTIONS MUST BE FOLLOWED EXACTLY

Label guidelines III Extralabel Drug Use (ELUD) The use of any OTC or label (prescription) drug in any manner not specified on the label Use in different species Use in different class of animal Dose used Route of administration Disease condition not indicated on label MUST have prescription

Requirements for ELDU Valid veterinary-client-patient relationship Vet responsible for clinical judgment Lack of labeled therapeutic alternative None on market Available drugs ineffective at labeled dose Complete records Withdrawal times

Limitations of ELDU VALID Must have VALID vet/client/patient relationship NEVER Feed additives can NEVER be used under ELDU, only to treat disease EXCEPT VFD (veterinary feed directive) ProhibitedNever There are Prohibited drugs that can Never be used

FDA Sec Prohibited Drugs Chloramphenicol Clenbuterol Diethylstilbestrol Dimetridazole Ipronidazole Other nitroimidazoles Furazlidone Nitrofurazone Sulfonamide drugs in lactating diary cattle (three specific exceptions) Fluoroquinolones Glycopeptides

Classification of Antibiotic Use Therapeutic Application of a specific drug to treat a specific health problem Sub therapeutic Low level of antibiotics fed to stimulate growth and improve feed conversion Average amount fed is less than 2 oz/ton feed

Top Reasons Why Beef Residues Happen Not following label directions No records Misidentification Excess volume injection Chronic with depressed liver/kidney function Treated before purchase Unaware of withdrawal times Feed/water contamination Antibiotics/chemical residues Dairy Beef

Biosecurity Principles Animals With Known Health History Vet-To-Vet Isolation from Other Animals “Closed Herd” / No Exposure To Others Enter Animals from Known Sources Only (or none) Restrict Traffic Only thoroughly Sanitized Vehicles Limit Human Traffic

Risk Areas Procurement Feed/Water Wildlife, Arthropods, Insects Caretakers, Service,Visitors Equipment Wind-delivered

Healthy Livestock Start with healthy animals Biosecurity Keep animals healthy Biosecurity Animal health programs Teach excellent animal husbandry/care Production animal welfare

Some References Swine Care Handbook National Pork Board Addresses all criteria Space, feed, water, environment On Farm Euthanasia National Pork Board Consult DVM

Pork Quality Programs NPB Programs Pork Quality Assurance (PQA) Critical Control Points (CCP) Ten criteria Levels I, II, III Swine Welfare Assurance program (SWAP) On farm evaluation and education by trained professionals with swine experience Audits later Third party ??