Chapter 23 The Age of Metternich Conservatism Conservatism Liberalism Liberalism Nationalism Nationalism Romanticism Romanticism Socialism Socialism

Conservatism The Congress of Vienna created The Congress of Vienna created The Concert of Europe: A concerted effort to maintain the status quo The Concert of Europe: A concerted effort to maintain the status quo The Congress System: A series of meetings of the Great powers to monitor and defend the status quo The Congress System: A series of meetings of the Great powers to monitor and defend the status quo The Quadruple Alliance: Austria, Russia, Prussia, England took military action to defend Europe from Liberalism and Nationalism The Quadruple Alliance: Austria, Russia, Prussia, England took military action to defend Europe from Liberalism and Nationalism Brits dropped out 1822 & replaced by France Brits dropped out 1822 & replaced by France

The Congress of Vienna’s Success Concert system successfully maintained the balance of power until German unification 1871 Concert system successfully maintained the balance of power until German unification 1871 Successfully avoided world war until 1914 Successfully avoided world war until 1914 Concert System ended with Crimean War in the 1850’s Concert System ended with Crimean War in the 1850’s Successfully put down Liberal and Nationalistic revolutions Successfully put down Liberal and Nationalistic revolutions Exceptions: Greece, Belgium Exceptions: Greece, Belgium

Conservatism Did appeal to upper classes and peasants who were frightened by the violence and terror of the French Revolution Did appeal to upper classes and peasants who were frightened by the violence and terror of the French Revolution The Bourgeoisie posed the biggest threat to conservatism The Bourgeoisie posed the biggest threat to conservatism Edmund Burke’s Reflections = most famous defense of conservatism Edmund Burke’s Reflections = most famous defense of conservatism Metternich an even bigger fan Metternich an even bigger fan

Conservatism in German Confederation Metternich had the most to lose to Liberalism and Nationalism Metternich had the most to lose to Liberalism and Nationalism Understood that universities posed the biggest threat Understood that universities posed the biggest threat 1819 Metternich called the Carlsbad Diet 1819 Metternich called the Carlsbad Diet Carlsbad Decrees: Materials that advocated unification were censored Carlsbad Decrees: Materials that advocated unification were censored Liberals and Nationalists in universities were driven underground Liberals and Nationalists in universities were driven underground

Conservatism in Prussia Hohenzollerns in Prussia instituted some government reforms after defeat of Napoleon Hohenzollerns in Prussia instituted some government reforms after defeat of Napoleon German nationalists misunderstood and looked to Prussia to unify German states, hoping for an enlightened despot kind of thing German nationalists misunderstood and looked to Prussia to unify German states, hoping for an enlightened despot kind of thing Prussian reforms were not liberal…only made government more efficient Prussian reforms were not liberal…only made government more efficient German nationalists were disappointed. German nationalists were disappointed.

Conservatism in England Tories defeated Napoleon and were still in control Tories defeated Napoleon and were still in control Corn Laws still in effect Corn Laws still in effect Habeas Corpus repealed for the first time in English history Habeas Corpus repealed for the first time in English history Peterloo Massacre: Police attacked a peaceful crowd listening to an anti-Corn Law speech Peterloo Massacre: Police attacked a peaceful crowd listening to an anti-Corn Law speech 11 killed 400 wounded 11 killed 400 wounded

Conservatism in England cont’d Censorship of the Press Censorship of the Press Mass meetings were abolished Mass meetings were abolished By 1820 England moving toward authoritarianism By 1820 England moving toward authoritarianism

Conservatism in France Began as liberal: Charter 1814 Began as liberal: Charter 1814 By 1815: The White Terror: Royalist mobs murdered thousands of former revolutionaries By 1815: The White Terror: Royalist mobs murdered thousands of former revolutionaries Elections of 1816: restored moderate royalists to power Elections of 1816: restored moderate royalists to power By 1823 France had joined the Quadruple Alliance and helped to crush a liberal revolution in Spain and restored a Bourbon to power By 1823 France had joined the Quadruple Alliance and helped to crush a liberal revolution in Spain and restored a Bourbon to power

Conservatism in France continued 1829 The heir to the French throne was murdered 1829 The heir to the French throne was murdered Royalists used above as an excuse to crack down on liberalism Royalists used above as an excuse to crack down on liberalism Louis XVIII shifted to conservative policies: Louis XVIII shifted to conservative policies: Increased censorship Increased censorship Reduced suffrage Reduced suffrage

Conservatism in Russia Alexander I ( ) initially favored Enlightened Despotism but became increasingly conservative over time Alexander I ( ) initially favored Enlightened Despotism but became increasingly conservative over time Died in 1825 and Brother, Nicholas all set to take power Died in 1825 and Brother, Nicholas all set to take power Decembrist Uprising: Junior military officers who wanted a constitutional government tried to prevent Nicholas from taking power Decembrist Uprising: Junior military officers who wanted a constitutional government tried to prevent Nicholas from taking power

Conservatism in Russia continued Uprising crushed Uprising crushed Nicholas I became Europe’s most reactionary monarch: Nicholas I became Europe’s most reactionary monarch: Police state, censorship, state-sponsored terrorism Police state, censorship, state-sponsored terrorism No representative assemblies No representative assemblies Education limited, curriculum monitored Education limited, curriculum monitored Alienated Russian intellectuals: Alienated Russian intellectuals: Slovolphiles (Mir) Slovolphiles (Mir) Westernizers Westernizers