The Mexican War of Independence

BACKGROUND Timeframe: The early 1800s Shortly after the Enlightenment Revolutions were recent history – American Revolution ( ) – French Revolution ( ) – Haitian Revolution ( )

Peninsular War ( ) Napoleon invades Spain in 1808 – Forces Spanish King Ferdinand VII to abdicate Bourbons installed as Spanish government administrators – More secular – Aimed to limit the power of Creoles Anti-French revolt erupts across Spain

Miguel Hidalgo Educated Creole priest Resented Spanish exploitation of lower classes Grito de Dolores: Sept. 16, 1810 – Mexican Independence Day Led army of 90,000 poor farmers and civilians – Targeted Peninsulares and elite Creoles Caught and executed in 1811

Vicente Guerrero Father was a Mestizo and mother was an African slave Led independence movement from 1815 to 1821 Later served as President of Mexico

Agustín de Iturbide From an elite Creole family Royalist  Opposed independence movement 1820: Constitutional monarchy established in Spain Iturbide switches sides – Forms alliance with Guerrero

Plan of Iguala 1)Religion Roman Catholicism established as the official state religion 2)Independence Proclamation of Mexico’s Independence 3)Unity Equality for all social and ethnic groups

Treaty of Córdoba Peace treaty between Mexico and Spain on August 24, 1821 Marked conclusion of the Mexican War of Independence

Mexican Empire:

First Mexican Republic:

Political Divisions Conservatives favored: – The Roman Catholic Church – Landowners – A monarchy Liberals favored: – Secular government – The landless majority – A republic

Texas War of Independence: Conservatives took control of Mexico in 1835  Centralized government control Texas colonists (landowners from U.S. resisted) – 30,000 Texans v. 7,800 Mexicans in 1834 General Sam Houston leads Texan army to victory in 1836 Republic of Texas formed