1 Oxygen Cycle: Triple Isotopes An anomalous isotopic composition of atmospheric O 2 yields a very useful means to estimate photosynthesis rates. Potentially,

Slides:



Advertisements
Similar presentations
Effect of surfactants on N 2 O emissions from biologically productive regions Annette Kock, Jens Schafstall, Tim Fischer, Marcus Dengler, Peter Brandt.
Advertisements

Photosynthesis & Primary Production. Photosynthesis Solar energy powers the reaction Carbon dioxide and water used to make glucose Oxygen gas is released.
Triple Oxygen Isotopes 11/1/10
Primary Production measurements over a daily cycle in Clark’s Cove Ayan Chaudhuri, Lin Zhang, Anne-Marie Brunner MAR640 – Global Marine Biogeochemistry.
Concept test We, human beings, along with all animals are causing a net increase of atmospheric CO 2 because our breath contains CO 2 when we exhale. (1)
Zuchuan Li, Nicolas Cassar Division of Earth and Ocean Sciences Nicholas School of the Environment Duke University Estimation of Net Community Production.
Monique Messié & Francisco Chavez
Principles of Ecology Chapter 13.
Marine Ecosystems and Food Webs. Carbon Cycle Marine Biota Export Production.
Biological pump Low latitude versus high latitudes.
Understanding the Distribution and Behavior of Si Isotopes in the Ocean Christina L. De La Rocha Alfred Wegener Institute.
Nitrogen Isotopes & the biological pump11/8/12 Lecture outline: 1)the nitrogen cycle  15 N overview 3)ocean applications 4)the sedimentary record A.
1 Nitrogen Cycle Most of Nitrogen is in the atmosphere. 14 N = 99.6% 15 N = 0.4% Air is standard for  15 N Range is –20 to +20 ‰
On the small range of annually averaged net community production rates in the open ocean Michael Bender and Bror Jonsson With support from: Pedro Monteiro.
Oxygen triple isotope composition for estimating photosynthesis rates Nir Krakauer June, 2006.
The Carbon Cycle The carbon cycle describes the exchange of carbon atoms between various reservoirs within the earth system. The carbon cycle is a geochemical.
Lecture 10: Ocean Carbonate Chemistry: Ocean Distributions Controls on Distributions What is the distribution of CO 2 added to the ocean? See Section 4.4.
OCN520 Fall 2009 Mid-Term #2 Review Since Mid-Term #1 Ocean Carbonate Distributions Ocean Acidification Stable Isotopes Radioactive Isotopes Nutrients.
Ocean Productivity Kelp Forest Macroalgae: 3% of Ocean Photosynthesis
Lecture 16 Oxygen distributions and ocean ventilation Thermocline Ventilation and Deep Water Formation Oxygen Utilization rates.
PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY Productivity is the rate of biomass formation Primary productivity (photosynthesis) of phytoplankton can be measured directly by O.
GOES-R 3 : Coastal CO 2 fluxes Pete Strutton, Burke Hales & Ricardo Letelier College of Oceanic and Atmospheric Sciences Oregon State University 1. The.
Oceanic Carbon Cycle Upwelling brings nutrients (e.g. PO 4 ) to euphotic zone Photosynthesis (Dissolved Inorg  Particulate Organic Matter) Recycling.
OC211(OA211) Phytoplankton & Primary Production Dr Purdie SOC (566/18) LECTURE 5 Week 5 (i) Measuring Primary Production: The.
The Anthropogenic Ocean Carbon Sink Alan Cohn March 29, 2006
1 River Discharge Stream Animation. 2 Surface Currents.
1 Changes in O 2 over Earth’s History. 2 Annual Cycle in Atmospheric O 2 Barrow 71ºN Samoa 14ºS C. Grim 43ºS (1 ppm O 2 = 5 per meg)
Vulnerability of the ocean biological pump Corinne Le Quéré University of East Anglia and British Antarctic Survey See notes in individual slides.
10 Productivity and Food Webs in the Sea Notes for Marine Biology: Function, Biodiversity, Ecology By Jeffrey S. Levinton ©Jeffrey S. Levinton 2001.
Properties of Gas in Water Oxygen Sources and Sinks Oxygen Distribution (space & time) Measuring Dissolved Oxygen Measuring 1º Production and Respiration.
Biological Production Rates in the Southern California Current System David Munro University of Washington 1.
Open Oceans: Pelagic Ecosystems II
The Global Ocean Carbon Cycle Rik Wanninkhof, NOAA/AOML Annual OCO review, June 2007: Celebrating Our Past, Observing our Present, Predicting our Future:
Rates of Summertime Biological Productivity in the Beaufort Gyre: A Comparison between the Record-Low Ice Conditions of August 2012 and Typical Conditions.
Satellite observations of coastal pCO 2 and air-sea flux of carbon dioxide Presenter: Steven E. Lohrenz Department of Marine Science The University of.
Evaluating satellite ocean color-derived export production in the Southern Ocean using atmospheric O 2 /N 2 data Cindy Nevison University of Colorado Mati.
The Other Carbon Dioxide Problem Ocean acidification is the term given to the chemical changes in the ocean as a result of carbon dioxide emissions.
Understanding the Ocean Carbon Cycle from Atmospheric Measurements of O 2 and CO 2 Andrew Manning, UEA, UK.
Ocean circulation, carbon cycle and oxygen cycle Anand Gnanadesikan FESD Meeting January 13, 2012.
Equatorial Pacific primary productivity: Spatial and temporal variability and links to carbon cycling Pete Strutton College of Oceanic and Atmospheric.
Submesoscale NCP and GPP rates from Underway O 2 /Ar and Triple Oxygen Isotope Measurements Rachel H. R. Stanley Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution.
2. Climate: “average” weather conditions, but the average doesn’t stay steady. I.e. Ice ages, El Niño, etc. 1. Weather: state of the atmosphere at a given.
Quantifying competing carbon pathways in mesoscale upwelling filaments off NW Africa Nick Hardman-Mountford (CSIRO), Carol Robinson (UEA), Ricardo Torres,
Introduction to Ecosystem Monitoring and Metabolism
 Instrumentation  CTD  Dissolved Oxygen Sensor  ADCP/ Current Meters  Oxygen Titrations  Nutrient Concentrations Circulation and Chemical Tracer.
Working Group 3: What aspects of coastal ecosystems are significant globally? Coastal Zone Impacts on Global Biogeochemistry NCAR, June 2004 Contributed.
2006 OCRT Meeting, Providence Assessment of River Margin Air-Sea CO 2 Fluxes Steven E. Lohrenz, Wei-Jun Cai, Xiaogang Chen, Merritt Tuel, and Feizhou Chen.
Joos, Plattner, Stocker, Körtzinger, and Wallace (2003). EOS 84, WP10 The motivation.
Tracking the fate of carbon in the ocean using thorium-234 Ken Buesseler Dept. of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution.
13-17 May th Liege Colloquium 1 Ocean Productivity: A Personal Perspective John Marra Brooklyn College, City University of New York.
Science Questions Societal Relevance Observational Requirements Observational Strategies Satellite Missions Scientific Basis for NASA OBB Mission Planning.
6 June 2011ACE workshop 1 Ocean Productivity: Concepts and Measurements John Marra Brooklyn College, CUNY.
Chapter 3 Part 2. Do Now 1) What is a thermocline 2) How does the graph look? (where are the axis and how are they labeled?) 3) What information do we.
Global Biogeochemical Cycles (2014) 28 Annual net community production and the biological carbon flux in the ocean Steven Emerson School of Oceanography,
What can we learn about biological production and air-sea carbon flux in the Southern Ocean from 12 years of observations in the Drake Passage? Colm Sweeney.
Ten Year average of SeaWIFS ocean color data ( ) (NASA/MODIS ocean color NORTHEAST PACIFIC CARBON PROGRAM Investigating.
Oceans & Anthropogenic CO 2 V.Y. Chow EPS 131.  CO 2 exchange across sea surfaces in the oceans  Measurement methods of anthropogenic CO 2  Distributions.
Precipitation Effects on Turbulence and Salinity Dilution in the Near Surface Ocean Christopher J. Zappa Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University,
Isotopic insights into the benthic N cycle, and its impact on the global marine N cycle. Start with a review of stable isotope behavior in general. Wind.
Productivity and Respiration Steve Lohrenz (Leader), David Munro (Rappoteur), Galen McKinley, Francis Wilkerson, Francisco Chavez, Jeremy Mathis, Dick.
Continuous O 2 /Ar measurements in surface sea water by membrane inlet mass spectrometry Jan Kaiser and Michael L. Bender Department of Geosciences, Princeton.
Food web and microbial loop Eutrophic vs. Oligotrophic food webs
Chapter 8—Part 2 Basics of ocean structure The Inorganic Carbon Cycle/
Reenvisioning the Ocean: The View from Space A RESPONSE
Coastal CO2 fluxes from satellite ocean color, SST and winds
222Rn, oxygen, nutrients (nitrate, ammonia, phosphate)
Carbon cycle theme The Earth’s carbon cycle has a stabilizing mechanism against sudden addition of CO2 to the atmosphere About 50% of carbon emission is.
Ocean Chemistry and Circulation
Food web and microbial loop Eutrophic vs. Oligotrophic food webs
Presentation transcript:

1 Oxygen Cycle: Triple Isotopes An anomalous isotopic composition of atmospheric O 2 yields a very useful means to estimate photosynthesis rates. Potentially, this method could make a significant impact on our understanding of the ocean’s biological pump

2 Anomalous  17 O and  18 O Composition of Stratospheric O 2 and CO 2 2O 2 + energy  O 3 + O( 1 D) O( 1 D) + CO 2  CO 2 + O

3 Isotopic Notation Express the 17 O/ 16 O anomaly using 17 Δ notation 17 Δ = (  17 O – 0.516*  18 O)*1000 Units are per meg, 1 per meg = 1 ‰ / 1000 AIR is the standard and has a 17 Δ = 0 per meg Since air is depleted in 17 O/ 16 O, most other species will have positive 17 Δ values on this scale The coefficient of was chosen to equal the slope of  17 O vs  18 O observed during respiration. (Luz and Barkan, 2000)

4 Slope of  17 O vs  18 O during Respiration

5 17 Δ of water equilibrated with Air (Luz and Barkan, 2003) (Sarma et al, 2006)

6 17 Δ of Biologically Produced O 2 (Luz and Barkan, 2000)

7 17 Δ of Photosynthetic O 2 Lab Experiments 17 Δ (per meg vs AIR) Marine Plankton 244±20; 252±5 Sea of Galilee Plankton159±10

8 Ocean Range of 17 Δ Values Purely Photosynthetic O per meg Purely Gas Exchange O 2 16 per meg Half Photo + Half Gas Exchange O per meg Measuring 17 Δ yields a direct estimate of the proportion of O 2 from air and photosynthesis.

9 Measured 17 Δ in the Surface Ocean Oligotrophic N. Pacific (Juranek)20-30 Oligotrophic N. Atlantic (Luz) Southern Ocean (Bender)20-50 Equatorial Pacific (Bender, Juranek)50-90 Sagami Bay (Sarma) California Current System (Munro) Sea of Galilee (Luz and Barken) Δ (per meg)

10 Near HawaiiNear Bermuda L. Juranek (U.Washington)B. Luz (Hebrew U.)

11 Mixed Layer O 2 and 17 Δ*O 2 Budget dO 2 /dt = kam*Sol*pO 2atm – kam*Sol*pO 2ml + Photo – Resp d( 17 Δ*O 2 /dt) = kam*Sol*pO 2atm * 17 Δ air – kam*Sol*pO 2ml * 17 Δ diss + Photo* 17 Δ photo – Resp* 17 Δ diss - -assume respiration doesn’t change the 17 Δ of the dissolved O 2 Substituting for Resp yields an expression for gross Photo: Photo = kam*pO 2atm *Sol*( 17 Δ air – 17 Δ diss )/( 17 Δ photo – 17 Δ diss )

12 If one estimates air-sea O 2 gas transfer rates (Kam) from wind speed measurements, then one can calculate the gross Primary Production rate from a single measurement ( 17 Δ of dissolved O 2 ) PPg = Kam*Sol*pO 2atm * ( 17  air – 17  diss ) ( 17  diss – 17  photo ) Estimating gross Photosynthesis rates from 17 Δ

13 Advantages over the 14 C-PP Method a.In situ PP rates not in vitro PP rates -there are no bottle effects. b.Much simpler field method -no time consuming bottle incubations c.Integrates over the lifetime of O 2 in the mixed layer -typically days (i.e., m / 5m/d) d.Measures gross PP rates -not an ambiguous rate between gross and net PP -recycling of 14 C-labeled OC in the bottle and use of non- 14 C labeled CO 2 during photosynthesis yield biases in PP rates that are difficult to quantify

14 Disadvantages of the 17 Δ-PP Method a.Measures gross PP rate integrated over the mixed layer depth, not the photic layer depth. b.Uncertainty of method depends primarily on uncertainty of gas exchange rate (  30%) and 17 Δ measurement. c.Need to convert from O 2 production to organic carbon production -a 10-20% reduction for Mehler reaction and photorespiration -divide O 2 production by the Photosynthetic Quotient (PQ) of ~1.1 (NH 4 based PP) to ~1.4 (NO 3 based PP) d.In some situations, upwelling or mixing can bias the 17 Δ in the mixed layer usually causing an overestimation of gross PP.

15 17 Δ gross PP rates in the Surface Ocean Oligotrophic N. Pacific (Juranek) Oligotrophic N. Atlantic (Luz) Southern Ocean (Hendricks) Equatorial Pacific (Juranek) Sagami Bay (Sarma) California Current System (Munro) Sea of Galilee (Luz&Barkan)1600 – Global Ocean (at 1gmC/m 2 /d)130 PgC/yr Gross PP (mg C m -2 d -1 )

16 Comparison of 17 O-PP versus 14 C-PP BATS and HOTS = 1.6±0.4; CalCOFI = 2.7±1.6

17 Estimating the ratio of net to gross PP Photo = kam*pO 2atm *Sol*( 17 Δ air – 17 Δ diss )/( 17 Δ photo – 17 Δ diss ) dO 2 /dt = kam*pO 2atm *Sol*(1 – pO 2 /pO 2atm ) + Photo – Resp -assuming net community productivity (NCP) = gross Photosynthesis – total Respiration and substituting for kam*pO 2atm *Sol yields: NCP/ Photo = (O 2 /O 2atm – 1)* ( 17 Δ photo – 17 Δ diss ) / ( 17 Δ air – 17 Δ diss )

18 Estimates of NCP/PPg from 17 Δ and O 2 /Ar Measurements

19 Ratio of NCP/PPg in Surface Ocean -at HOT and BATS:0.13±0.03 -Southern Ocean: 0.17±.13 -Equatorial Pacific: 0.12±0.11 -California Current0.16±0.12 Coastal Ocean has NCP/PPg ratio that is similar to open oligotrophic ocean. (Unexpected). Could be our best estimate of export ratio and efficiency of biological pump.

20 Estimates of Carbon Export (NCP) Rates -at HOT and BATS: 10±5 mmols C m -2 d -1 -in the Southern Ocean: 13±4 -in the Equatorial Pacific: 6.9±6.2 -California Current (CalCOFI): 14±10 -Globally, at 10 mmols m -2 d -1, yields 16 Pg C/yr (higher than previous estimates of 6-10 Pg C/yr)

21 Future of 17 Δ + O 2 /Ar Ocean Research Improved ability to catch PP events. Obtain large scale synoptic surveys of ocean PP rates. Improve resolution of short spatial and temporal scale variability in marine PP. Validation of satellite PP rates.

22 Repeated Survey of 17 Δ-PPg (using Container Ship) vs Satellite PP