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3.5.1 Compare the structure of RNA and DNA – (with respect to the type of sugar, the bases and the number of strands)

3.5.2 Outline DNA transcription in terms of the formation of an RNA strand complimentary to the DNA strand by RNA polymerase

Transcription animation: Translation animation:

3.5.3 Describe the genetic code in terms of codons composed of triplets of bases

3.5.4 Explain the process of translation, leading to polypeptide formation – Include the roles of mRNA, tRNA, codons, anticodons and amino acids

DNA and Protein Synthesis DNA contains the genetic information to make amino acids Amino acids combine to make proteins These proteins determine the physical traits of an organism and control cellular functions. Proteins do everything, and DNA gets all the credit! Think of them as tiny minions who do all the work

DNA and Protein Synthesis

FROM DNA TO PROTEIN… Think of DNA as a blueprint for your body A lot of the blueprint has to do with protein building, but not all of it To create a protein from the blueprint involves two main processes 1. TRANSCRIPTION The essential parts of the blueprint (DNA) for protein building are copied (transcribed) by an architect (mRNA) and transported to the construction site 2. TRANSLATION The protein blueprint (mRNA) is given to the builders (ribosomes) who translate the DNA code into the PROTEIN CODE to build proteins

RNA - the messenger *single strand *ribose sugar *contains no thymine, uracil instead *follows base pair rule DNA: A T A G C G RNA: U A U C G C

RNA carries the "message" to the ribosomes, where proteins are made

CODES DNA code: – 4 possible bases (ATCG) Are connected to deoxyribose and phosphate forming nucleotides – Nucleotides in various combinations connect together and pair forming a DNA double helix (double stranded) RNA code: – 4 letters (AUCG) Are connected to ribose and phosphate forming nucleotides – Nucleotides in various combinations connect together forming a RNA chain (SINGLE stranded) – Groups of 3 nucleotides (CODONS) make an RNA word PROTEIN CODE- – EACH CODON CODES FOR AN AMINO ACID – All protein words are 3 letters long (ie: ATT, CAG, GGC) – Each 3 letter word (codon) codes for a specific amino acid – There are 20 possible amino acids » THEY ARE THE SUBUNIT OF PROTEINS – Chains of amino acids make a PROTEIN

DNA and Protein Synthesis Codon: three bases code for a specific amino acid: ex: AAA = Lysine The codons code for 20 amino acids Just like the alphabet has 26 letters to make all the words we know, the 20 amino acids that, when combined in different ways, make all the different proteins found in living organisms The codons are the template for protein synthesis, which takes place on the ribosomes (rRNA) in the cytoplasm

DNA and Protein Synthesis – Codons and amino acids Name the Amino Acid: UAU CCG AGU GCA Tyrosine Proline Serine Alanine Start ala val ser arg lys Asn asp glu gly phe leu ser tyr cys (trp) leu pro his gln arg thr ile

Protein synthesis- Youtube Protein synthesis 2 – Youtube Cow dna - Genetics bio corner:

DNA and Protein Synthesis – Codons and amino acids Name the Amino Acid: UAU CCG AGU GCA Tyrosine Proline Serine Alanine ala val ser arg lys Asn asp glu gly phe leu ser tyr cys (trp) leu pro his gln arg thr ile

DNA and Protein Synthesis But… How does the information get from the DNA to the cytoplasm? mRNA

DNA and Protein Synthesis - Transcription Transcription: 1)DNA unzips 2)mRNA (messenger ribonucleic acid) copies info from DNA using base pairings RNA is different from DNA a) Single stranded, not double stranded b) Instead of deoxyribose, it has ribose c) instead of Thymine, it uses Uracil 3)mRNA carries the genetic code from the nucleus to the ribosome in the cytoplasm

DNA and Protein Synthesis - Translation Translation: 1)rRNA (ribosomal RNA) attaches to mRNA and starts reading the codons 2)tRNA (transfer RNA) – carries no acids and attaches them to the growing protein chain by matching its complementary anticodon with the mRNA codon 3)When protein production is complete, the ribosome releases the protein chain

DNA and Protein Synthesis - Summary

DNA and Protein Synthesis Practice making mRNA using the DNA template

DNA and Protein Synthesis Amino acids are linked together in the same order as the codons, creating a protein chain Just like linking letters to make words, linking amino acids makes proteins Amino Acid

Go To This Website ules/transcribe/

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3.5.5 Discuss the relationship between one gene and one polypeptide

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