© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Chapter 14 Circulation and Blood Vessels

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Blood Circulation Major circulatory systems –Cardiopulmonary circulation –Systemic circulation Specialized circulatory systems –Coronary circulation –Portal circulation –Fetal circulation

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Cardiopulmonary Circulation Deoxygenated blood from the heart flows to the lungs, where carbon dioxide is exchanged for oxygen Oxygenated blood then returns to the heart Review of blood flow through the heart and lungs

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Figure 14-1 Systemic and pulmonary circulation

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Figure 14-2 Cardiopulmonary circulation

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Systemic Circulation Circulates nutrients, oxygen, water, and secretions Carries away waste products Helps equalize body temperature Aids in protecting the body from harmful bacteria The aorta and its branches

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Coronary Circulation Brings oxygenated blood to the heart muscle Right and left branches of the coronary artery Exchange of oxygen and waste occurs at capillary level Deoxygenated blood returns through the coronary veins to the coronary sinus

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Portal Circulation (1 of 2) A branch of the general circulation Veins from the pancreas, stomach, small intestine, colon, and spleen empty their blood into the hepatic portal vein, which goes to the liver

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Portal Circulation (2 of 2) Liver ensures that the blood’s glucose concentration is kept within a relatively narrow range

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part Hepatic portal system

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Fetal Circulation Occurs in the unborn baby (fetus) Fetus obtains oxygen and nutrients from the mother’s blood, not through its own lungs and digestive system The fetal blood does not mix with the mother’s blood; the exchange of gases, food, and waste occurs through the placenta

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Blood Vessels Arteries Capillaries Veins

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Arteries (1 of 2) Carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to capillaries (exception – pulmonary arteries) Layers of the walls –Tunica adventitia or externa –Tunica media –Tunica intima

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Arteries (2 of 2) Aorta leads away from the heart and branches into smaller arteries Smaller arteries branch into arterioles Arterioles give rise to the capillaries

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Capillaries (1 of 2) Smallest blood vessels Can only be seen through a microscope Connect the arterioles and venules Muscle and connective tissue disappear and they become a simple endothelial cell layer

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Capillaries (2 of 2) Selective permeability Control of blood flow by precapillary sphincters

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Veins (1 of 2) Carry deoxygenated blood away from the capillaries to the heart Layers of the walls –Tunica externa –Tunica media –Tunica intima Walls much thinner than arteries –Do not have to withstand as much pressure

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Veins (2 of 2) Veins have valves so blood flows in one direction –Toward the heart Largest vein is the vena cava Superior vena cava returns blood from the upper part of the body –Inferior vena cava returns blood from the lower part of the body

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Venous Return (1 of 2) Valves help keep venous blood moving Skeletal muscles contract to push venous blood along its path

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Venous Return (2 of 2) Pressure changes occur when we breath, which helps bring venous blood back to the heart Stationary positioning can decrease flow back to the heart for oxygenation, can cause drowsiness

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Blood Pressure Systolic blood pressure Diastolic blood pressure Pulse pressure Normal values

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Pulse Alternating expansion and contraction of an artery as blood flows through it Can feel pulsating beat at certain points on the body Should be the same as the heart rate Can feel the pulse on the body where the artery is near the surface of the skin and over a bone –These are called pulse points

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Pulse Points (1 of 2) Brachial artery Common carotid artery Femoral artery Dorsalis pedis artery

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Pulse Points (2 of 2) Popliteal artery Radial artery Temporal artery Pressure points can be used to stop bleeding distal to the pulse point

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Effects of Aging Arteries become less elastic, dilated and elongated Systolic BP increases due to reduced elasticity Baroreceptors become rigid and less sensitive to pressure changes, causing postural hypotension (orthostatic) –Can correct many congenital heart defects

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Disorders of Circulation and Blood Vessels (1 of 2) Aneurysm Arteriosclerosis Atherosclerosis Gangrene Phlebitis or thrombophlebitis

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Disorders of Circulation and Blood Vessels (2 of 2) Embolism Varicose veins Hemorrhoids Cerebral hemorrhage Peripheral vascular disease

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Disorders of the Blood Vessels (1 of 3) Hypertension –Normal –Less than 120/80 –Pre-hypertension –120–130/80–89

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Disorders of the Blood Vessels (2 of 3) Stage I hypertension –140–159/90–99 Stage II hypertension –160 and above/100 and above

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Disorders of the Blood Vessels (3 of 3) White coat hypertension Hypotension Transient ischemic attacks (TIAs) Cerebral vascular accident (CVA)

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Hypoperfusion Inadequate flow of blood carrying oxygen to the organs and body systems Hypoperfused tissue will stop working properly Main causes of hypoperfusion