Stephanie Gustman Maureen Koval Adam March Deborah Williams

Phenomenon of Interest: Nursing Leadership Issue: Leadership Potential Problem: Leadership impact on nurse satisfaction Non-nursing Theories : Social Exchange Theory Emotional Intelligence Theory Nursing Theory : Human-to-Human Interaction

Phenomenon of Interest – Nurse Leadership effect on nurse satisfaction Key Behaviors: Communication and Respect Nurse Leader Influence: Transformational Leadership Relational Ability Emotional Intelligence Servant Leadership

Nurse Satisfaction  Autonomy  Workload  Collaboration  Teamwork

 Staff nurse perceptions of nurse manager leadership styles and outcomes. (Casida & Parker 2011)  Nurses' satisfaction with their work environment and the outcomes of clinical nursing supervision on nurses' experiences of well-being ( Begat, Ellefesen, & Severinssen 2005)

 Social Exchange Theory  Emotional Intelligence Theory

 Theoretical perspective of Sociology  Three main theorists  George C. Homans  Peter Blau  Richard Emerson (Cook & Rice, 2004)

Discipline Influences  Microeconomics  Anthropology  Sociology  Psychology (Cook & Rice, 2004)

 B.F. Skinner definition  Relationships Effect  Homan  Individuals on organizations  Blau and Emerson  Organizations on individuals (Cook & Rice, 2004 )

Theoretical Influences  Behaviorism  Functionalism  Pragmatism  Utilitarianism (Cook & Rice, 2004)

 Salovey and Mayer conceptualized the theory of emotional intelligence in 1990 (Smith, McGrath, & Cummings, 2009)  Classical intelligence as measured by an individual's intelligence quotient (IQ) is not an accurate representation of an individual interacts on a human level with others.  Originally used in Psychology

 Definition: “The ability to perceive, appraise and express emotion, access and process emotional information, generate feelings, understand emotional knowledge and regulate emotions for emotional and intellectual growth" (Smith, McGrath, & Cummings, 2009, p. 1626)

Applicable to Nursing Practice Key function in patient interactions Emotional Intelligence leads to excellent care May be key to improved patient outcomes Improved resilience of care givers Applicable to Nursing Administration Motivate and encourage followers Form positive relationships Improve the work environment

Human-to-Human Interaction  Joyce Travelbee  Interpersonal Aspects of Nursing, 1971  Explains nurse-patient relationship in specialty area of psychiatric nursing (Nursing Theory Network, 2011)  Emphasizes caring and emotional aspects of Nursing (Tomey & Alligood, 2006)

Concepts  Nursing  Human being  Patient  Nurse  Illness  Suffering  Hope  Communication (Travelbee, 1971)

Structure of the Theory of Human to Human Interaction Communication Illness/ suffering Illness/ suffering Human being/ nurse Human being/ patient Hope

 Building a nurse-patient relationship  Five phases  original encounter  emerging identities  developing empathy  developing sympathy  establishing rapport (Travelbee, 1971)

Assumptions  Nursing’s purpose is achieved through relationships  Each human being is unique  The human being is always in the process of growing  The patient and nurse must see each other as individuals (Travelbee, 1971)

Assumptions  Each person will experience suffering/illness  Suffering/illness affect a person in many ways  Communication is the process used  The work of the professional nurse is to establish relationships  Relationships are established by going through the five phases (Travelbee, 1971)

Qualities of effective leaders  Open communication  Perceived as giving extra effort (Casida & Parker, 2011)  Able to build and maintain relationships

 Interactions of disciplines  Nurse to Patient  Nurse to Nurse  Leader to Nurse  Satisfaction  Health and well-being  Job performance

 Social Exchange – relate  Emotional Intelligence – understand  Human to Human – accept as unique

 Social Exchange Theory  Emotional Intelligence Theory  Human to Human Theory  Interaction  Collaboration  Satisfaction

Armonstrong, A.R., Gallian, R. F., & Crichley, C. R.(2010). Emotional intelligence and psychological resilience to negative life events. Personality and Individual Differences,51, Begat, I., Ellefsen, B., & Severinsson E., (2005). Nurses' satisfaction with their work environment and the outcomes of clinical nursing supervision on nurses' experiences of well-being. J ournal of Nurse Management, 13(3) Casida, J. & Parker, J. (2011). Staff nurse perception of leadership styles and outcomes. Journal of Nursing Management, 19, Codier, E., Kamikawa, C., & Kooker, B. (2011). The impact of emotional intelligence development on nurse managers. Nursing Administration Quarterly, 35(3), Cook, K.S., & Rice, E. (2004). Social Exchange Theory. Encyclopedia of Social Theory. ( 28 Sept. 2011). Retrieved from eory/n274.xml>.

Gardner, B.D. (2010). Improve RN retention through transformational leadership styles. Nursing Management, 41(8), Retrieved from Nursing Theory Network. (2011, September 13). Human to human relationship model. [website] Retrieved from html Smith, K.B., McGrath, J., & Cummings, G.G. (2009). Emotional intelligence and nursing: An integrative literature review. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 46, Tomey, A., & Alligood, M. (2006). Nursing theorists and their work. (6 th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Mosby. Travelbee, J. (1971). Interpersonal aspects of nursing. (2 nd ed.). Philadelphia: F.A. Davis Company.