Advances in the Processing and Retrieval of Ocean Color from MODIS and SeaWiFS MODIS Science Team Meeting January 2010 Bryan Franz and the Ocean Biology.

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Advances in the Processing and Retrieval of Ocean Color from MODIS and SeaWiFS MODIS Science Team Meeting January 2010 Bryan Franz and the Ocean Biology Processing Group

Ocean Biology Processing Group Ocean Color (OC) SST for MODIS, GHRSST Salinity from Aquarius oceancolor.gsfc.nasa.gov Distributed processing system 400x global reprocessing for MODIS 4000x for SeaWiFS Data archive and distribution ~1 PB online storage (RAID) distribution: 42 million files OC since 2004: 12 million files SST Missions Supported MODIS/Aqua: 2002-present MODIS/Terra: 1999-present SeaWiFS/Orbview-2: 1997-present OCTS/ADEOS: MOS/IRS-P3: CZCS/NIMBUS-7: VIIRS/NPP: 2011 launch Glory Data System : 2009 launch Aquarius / SAC-D : May 2010 launch New Mission Development (ACE) End-to-End Shop for Ocean Color –Sensor calibration/characterization –Processing software & algorithms –Data archive and distribution –Product validation (SeaBASS) –Algorithm development (NOMAD) –User processing and display (SeaDAS) –User support (Ocean Color Forum) Consolidated data access, information services, and community feedback.

Ocean Color Reprocessing Highlights: sensor calibration updates regeneration of all sensor bandpass quantities new aerosol models based on AERONET improved turbid-water atmospheric correction algorithm accounting for atmospheric NO2 absorption expanded product suite Status: SeaWiFS reprocessing completed November 2009 MODISA to begin next week, completed in February-March Scope: SeaWiFS, MODISA, MODIST, OCTS, CZCS

Sensor-Independent Approach Multi-Sensor Level-1 to Level-2 (common algorithms) SeaWiFS L1A MODISA L1B MODIST L1B OCTS L1A MOS L1B OSMI L1A CZCS L1A MERIS L1B OCM-1 L1B OCM-2 L1B sensor-specific tables: Rayleigh, aerosol, etc. Level-2 to Level-3 Level-2 Scene observed radiances ancillary data water-leaving radiances and derived prods Level-3 Global Product vicarious calibration gain factors predicted at-sensor radiances in situ water-leaving radiances (MOBY)

Expanded MODIS Product Suite nLw( ) Chlorophyll a K d (490) Ångstrom AOT Epsilon R rs ( ) Chlorophyll a K d (490) Ångstrom AOT POC PIC CDOM_index PAR iPAR Fluorescence LH Fluorescence QY OLD NEW R rs (412) R rs (443) R rs (469) R rs (488) R rs (531) R rs (547) R rs (555) R rs (645) R rs (667) R rs (678) land bands revised band center

Expanded Product Suite particulate organic carbon (POC) –Stramski et al particulate inorganic carbon (PIC) –Balch et al. 2005, Gordon et al colored disolved organic matter index (CDOM_index) –Morel & Gentili 2009 photsynthetically available radiation (PAR) –Frouin et al fluorescence quantum yield (FLH, iPAR,FQY) –Behrenfeld et al. 2009

Common Algorithm Changes

New Aerosol Models based on AERONET size distributions & albedos vector RT code accounting for polarization (Ahmad-Fraser) 80 models (8 humidities x 10 size fractions) model selection now descriminated by relative humidity revised vicarious calibration assumption (  =0.65 at Tahiti) c50 c90 Old S&F Size Distributions New AERONET-based Size Distributions Ahmad, Z., B. A. Franz, C. R. McClain, E. J. Kwiatkowska, J. Werdell, E. Shettle, and B. N. Holben (2010). New aerosol models for the retrieval of aerosol optical thickness and normalized water-leaving radiances from the SeaWiFS and MODIS sensors over coastal regions and Open Oceans (drafted).

MODISA and SeaWiFS Aerosol Comparison Deep-Water Ångstrom Coastal AOT

Coastal Environments Werdell,P.J., B.A. Franz, and S.W. Bailey (2010). Evaluation of shortwave infrared atmospheric correction for ocean color remote sensing of Chesapeake Bay, submitted to Rem. Sens. Env. Werdell, P.J., S.W. Bailey, B.A. Franz, L,W. Harding Jr., G.C. Feldman, C.R. McClain (2009). Regional and seasonal variability of chlorophyll-a in Chesapeake Bay as observed by SeaWiFS and MODIS-Aqua, Rem. Sens. Env., 113(6), Chesapeake Bay Program x AERONET Chesapeake Bay serves as proxy for evaluating geophysical retrievals in a coastal environment. CBP monthly chlorophyll measurements at 49 stations since AERONET sites at SERC, COVE, and Wallops collecting aerosol properties. x x x

before after before after Revised Turbid-Water Atmospheric Correction atmospheric correction in high-scattering water requires an iterative procedure to model and remove the water contribution in the NIR bio-optical model updated, and results substantially improved Bailey, S.W.., Franz, B.A., and Werdell, P.J. (2010). Estimation of near-infrared water leaving reflectance for satellite ocean color data processing, Opt. Exp., submitted.

Improved Aerosol Retrievals Relative to AERONET Upper Chesapeake Bay Before After SeaWiFSMODISAAERONET AOT Angstrom

MODISA Calibration Changes

Updated MODISA Instrument Calibration Latest MCST calibration (collection 6) applied updated fit to lunar and solar calibrator trends adds change in RVS over time for bands 667, 678, 748, 869 result is enhanced temporal stability in water-leaving reflectance Rrs(488) Rrs(678) BeforeAfter

MODISA Chl a Fluorescence Trends MODIS fluorescence can provide data on phytoplankton physiology –e.g., Behrenfeld et al Past results showed significant (non-physical) trend in clear water MCST collection 6 calibration reduces trend fluorescence line height BeforeAfter 30%

Anomalous Trends in MODISA "after" C6 Calibration SeaWiFS Rrs(412) SeaWiFS Rrs(490) MODISA Rrs(412) MODISA Rrs(488) ~15%

40% 30% 20% 10% 50% 0% MODIS Lunar and Solar Calibration Trends MODIS 412nm Responsivity Changes Since Launch Terra Aqua Lunar, mirror-side 1 Lunar, mirror-side 2 Solar, mirror-side 1 Solar, mirror-side 2

18 Vicarious Instrument Recharacterization to assess change in RVS shape and polarization sensitivity SeaWiFS 9-Day Composite nLw( ) Vicarious calibration: given L w ( ) and MODIS geometry, we can predict L t ( ) Global optimization: find best fit M 11, M 12, M 13 to relate L m ( ) to L t ( ) where M xx = fn(mirror aoi) per band, detector, and m-side MODIS Observed TOA Radiances L m ( ) = M 11 L t ( ) + M 12 Q t ( ) + M 13 U t ( )

MODISA RVS Shape Change at 412 nm derived from vicarious recharacterization of instrument model Mission Time

Total RVS Change at 412 nm MCST results + OBPG vicarious characterization of shape change Mission Time

Revised RVS Shape in 412 Removes Trend SeaWiFS Rrs(412) SeaWiFS Rrs(490) MODISA Rrs(412) MODISA Rrs(488)

Global Results

Good Agreement in Water-Leaving Reflectance over duration of SeaWiFS and MODISA mission overlap Deep Water Equatoria Pacific 35N Pacific35S Pacific

Mean Spectral Differences Agree With Expectations SeaWiFS MODISA oligotrophic mesotrophic eutrophic

Good Agreement in Derived Chlorphyll SeaWiFS MODISA

MODISA and SeaWiFS Chl a Comparison OligotrophicMesotrophicEutrophic OC3/OC4 OC3/OC3 Std Dev Std Dev Std Dev OC3 OC4 Comparison Ratio

SeaWiFS Chl a : Good Agreement with Global In situ in situ SeaWiFS

MODISA vs SeaWiFS Chl a at common in situ match-up locations MODISA SeaWiFS

Reprocessing Algorithms in Latest SeaDAS 15 years in distribution, free, open-source, linux/os-x/solaris/windows(vm) ~1400 downloads in 2009 alone

next steps: MODIST Well documented issues with radiometric stability: –Franz, B.A., E.J. Kwiatkowska, G. Meister, and C. McClain (2008). Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer on Terra: limitations for ocean color applications, J. Appl. Rem. Sens., 2, Vicarious on-orbit recharacterization of RVS and polarization: –Kwiatkowska, E.J., B.A. Franz, G. Meister, C. McClain, and X. Xiong (2008). Cross- calibration of ocean-color bands from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer on Terra platform, Appl. Opt., 47 (36). Analysis to be repeated and results fully implemented once SeaWiFS and MODISA reprocessing is completed. Algorithms will be updated for consistency with SeaWiFS and MODIS, and missions will be reprocessed. next steps: OCTS, CZCS

next steps: Inherent Optical Properties phytoplankton CDOM pure sea water Absorption [arbitrary units] pure sea water particulate material n chlorophyll-a concentrations pure sea water reflectance

next steps: Inherent Optical Properties OBPG hosted an international workshop in October 2008 (Barga, Italy), with excellent participation from the IOP modeling community. Existing algorithm approaches were reviewed, and a combined algorithm was defined as a way forward. Production software implementation is complete, and global mission testing and evaluation is now underway. Plan is to produce a second suite of IOP-based products for all sensors, to include total and component absorption and backscattering, and IOP-based derived products such as euphotic depth and spectral diffuse attenuation. See talk by Werdell in ocean breakout.

Summary AERONET-based aerosol models: improved agreement between satellite and in situ aerosol optical properties. Revised turbid-water atmospheric correction: improved agreement between satellite and in situ Chl a in high-scattering waters. Updated SeaWiFS and MODISA calibrations: improved temporal stability in Rrs trends, MODISA fluorescence trend. Remaining issues with MODISA temporal drift in blue bands corrected through vicarious characterization of RVS shape changes. Consistency of algorithms and calibrations: much improved agreement between MODISA and SeaWIFS ocean color retrievals. Long-standing mission-to-mission differences in oligotrophic chlorophyll resolved: mean differences reduced from 15-20% to 1-2%.