Specialized Mapping  Finding Chromosomal Locations  Using Tetrad Analysis To Study Genetic Distances (see Tetrad Analysis Web Module for Chapter 7 on Text Web Site

Physical Chromosome Mapping Somatic-Cell HybridizationSomatic-Cell Hybridization Using human-rodent somatic cell hybrids to study the location of genes on chromosomes Using human-rodent somatic cell hybrids to study the location of genes on chromosomes

Human-mouse hybrid cells with different numbers of human chromosomes (blue).

Physical Chromosome Mapping How can we determine which chromosome carries a specific gene?How can we determine which chromosome carries a specific gene? In human-mouse hybrid cells, a 1:1 correspondence exists between the presence of the enzymatic activity for the gene and the presence of the chromosome carrying the gene. In human-mouse hybrid cells, a 1:1 correspondence exists between the presence of the enzymatic activity for the gene and the presence of the chromosome carrying the gene.

Problem 4, Page A-++- B+-++ C-+++ D++-- Human Chromosome Hybrid Cell Line ADHPEPHexAGAPDHA+-+- B++-+ C+-++ D-++- Human Enzyme Hybrid Cell Line Hybrid cells containing human and mouse chromosomes were analyzed. The grid on the left shows the presence or absence of each of four human chromosomes in hybrid cell lines A through D. The grid on the right shows the presence or absence of human enzyme activity in each of the cell lines. Assign the gene for each enzyme to the chromosome that carries the gene.

Physical Chromosome Mapping How can we determine which portion of a chromosome carries a specific gene?How can we determine which portion of a chromosome carries a specific gene? If the enzymatic activity is present in a cell line with an intact chromosome but missing from a line with a deletion in that chromosome, the gene for the enzyme is in the deleted region. If the enzymatic activity is present in a cell line with an intact chromosome but missing from a line with a deletion in that chromosome, the gene for the enzyme is in the deleted region.

Enzyme Activity Present with intact Chromosome 4 Absent without Chromosome 4 Absent when short arm of Chromosome 4 is deleted Gene is located on the short arm of Chromosome 4, in the region missing from Cell line 3

Tetrad Analysis Analysis of all four products of a single meiosis Analysis of all four products of a single meiosis Two Types of Tetrads Two Types of Tetrads Unordered Tetrad Ordered Tetrad

Producing an Ordered Tetrad

Genetic Analyses with Tetrads a b a+ b+ X Cross two haploid cells a b a+ b+ Induce diploid to undergo meiosis

Genetic Analyses with Tetrads a b a+ b+ a b a+ b+ Parentals a b a+ b+ X Recombinants a b+ a+ b a+ b

M I Segregation Pattern A first-division segregation pattern, M I No crossover between gene and centromere

M II Segregation Pattern Crossover between gene and centromere

Types of Tetrads Parental Ditype (PD) Non- parental Ditype (NPD) Tetratype (T) (T) MI pattern (both alleles adjacent) MIIPattern (at least two alleles separated) a b a + b + a b + a + b a b a b + a b + a + b + a + b + a + b aa aaaa a+ a+ a+ a+aaaa a+ a+ a+ a+ a + a a a + a a + a + a + a + a + a a

Producing M II Segregation Patterns

Calculating Genetic Distances with Tetrad Analysis UnorderedOrdered(Linear) ExampleYeastNeurospora Gene-GeneDistance RF= 1/2T + NPD total total RF= 1/2T + NPD total total Gene- Centromere Distance Cannot be determined ½ M II /total

Problem 2, Page 2-1 In a Neurospora cross of ab x a + b +, the following classes and numbers of tetrads were produced. Neurospora produces ordered tetrads that undergo a single mitosis after formation. Pairs of spores are listed below for simplicity. In a Neurospora cross of ab x a + b +, the following classes and numbers of tetrads were produced. Neurospora produces ordered tetrads that undergo a single mitosis after formation. Pairs of spores are listed below for simplicity.

Problem 2, Page 2-1 abab a + b + ab + a + b ab ab + a + b + a + b ab a + b + ab + ab a + b + ab ab + a + b ab + a + b a + b + ab Type For a For b

Problem 2, Page 2-1 Distance from a  centromere = Distance from b  centromere = Distance from a  b =

Problem 2, Page 2-1 Best solution