The Industrial Revolution Chapter 25

Section 1-The Beginnings of Industrialization

Industrial Revolution Begins in Britain The Industrial Revolution- – The increased output of machine-made goods beginning in England in the mid 1700’s Enclosures- – Large fenced in fields in which landowners experimented with productive seeding and harvesting methods to boost crop harvests

Industrial Revolution Begins in Britain Seed Drill- – Invented by Jethro Tull in 1701 that allowed farmers to plant seeds in well- spaced rows at specific depths. Crop Rotation- – Designed to rotate crops that drained nutrients from the soil (ex. Wheat) with crops that replenish them (ex. Turnips)

Industrial Revolution Begins in Britain Industrialization- The process of developing the machine production of goods through the use of natural resources. – Natural Resources used for Industrialization Water and coal power Iron Ore to construct tools, machines and buildings Rivers for inland transportation Harbors for the ships to set sail

Industrial Revolution Begins in Britain Factors of Production- The resources needed to produce goods and services that the Industrial Revolution required. – Ex. Land, labor and capital (a.k.a wealth)

Improvements in Transportation Entrepreneur-Someone who organizes, manages, and takes on the risks of a business. The steam engine was modified by James Watt for increased efficiency. – Ex. Robert Fulton's Clermont was a steam ship that ferried passengers up and down the Hudson River

The Railway Age Begins The steam powered railroad locomotive was the driving force behind English industry after 1820 Steam-Driven Locomotives- – 1804 Richard Trevithick won several thousand dollars on a bet that he could haul 10 tons of iron ore nearly 10 miles with a steam engine

The Railway Age Begins The Liverpool-Manchester Railroad- – English entrepreneurs wanted a rail line to connect the cities of Liverpool and Manchester. – A contest was held to see which train would run on the line George Stephenson’s Rocket won by hauling 13 tons at nearly 24 miles per hour

The Railway Age Begins Railroads Revolutionize Life in Britain- – The Four Major Effects of the Locomotive- Materials and finished products were cheap to transport The new rail lines created thousands of new jobs Agricultural and fishing industries saw a boost b/c of new transportation opportunities Travel became easier and people could now live farther from their jobs

Section 2-Industrialization

Industrialization Changes Life Industrialization had positive and negative effects on the lives of Britain’s citizens – Positive Effects- Most peoples quality of life improved There was a plentiful supply of jobs – Negative Effects- Change to machine production initially caused human suffering Working conditions were often unhealthy Rising class tensions

Industrialization Changes Life Urbanization- The building of new cities and the movement of people to these cities – Between 1800 and 1850 the number of cities with more than 100,000 inhabitants grew from 22 to 47

Industrialization Changes Life Living Conditions- – Due to the rapid growth of English cities they had several problems No development plan No sanitary codes No building codes – They also lacked adequate Education Housing Police Protection

Industrialization Changes Life Typical living conditions- – People lived in dark, dirty houses, with one family in a room – Diseases like cholera was common due to poor removal of excrement – A British study estimated a life span of factory workers to be 17 years compared to 38 years for those living in rural areas

Industrialization Changes Life Working Conditions- – In order to be a productive as possible companies often had their employees work 14 hour shifts, 6 days a week – Other Issues- Dark and dirty factories Boilers might explode or limbs could get caught in machines – No workman’s comp if you were injured on the job Mines were the most dangerous – Miners lived 10 years less than anyone else

Class Tensions Grow Middle Class-A social class made up of skilled workers, professionals, business people and wealthy farmers – Middle Class was neither rich nor poor – Upper middle class was made up of: Gov. employees, doctors, lawyers, and those who managed mines, and shops – Lower middle class was made up of: Tool makers, mechanical drafters, and printers

Class Tensions Grow Working Class- – Between 1800 and 1850 workers saw little improvement in living and working conditions Angry that their livelihoods were disappearing due to labor saving machines they began to destroy them out of anger

Positive Effects of the Industrial Revolution Positive Effects of the Revolution- – Created new jobs – Contributed to the wealth of the nation – Technological progress was made through new inventions – Production of consumer goods increased – Standard of living was raised

Positive Effects of the Industrial Revolution Long Term Effects- – Consumer goods considered luxuries years ago are now affordable for everyone – Profits from industrialization creates tax revenue These funds allow government to raise the standard of living for city dwellers