Molecules and Membranes Part 1: Biological Macromolecules

Biological Macromolecules  Built of repeating units: monomers  Based on CARBON - rings and chains  Made of primarily C, H, O, and N  Monomers combine to make Polymers  Macromolecules with many repeating units

Biological Macromolecules  Made by dehydration synthesis  Uses energy  Makes water  Broken apart by hydrolysis  Releases energy  Uses water  Carbohydrates  sugars  starches  Lipids  fats and oils  Proteins  Enzymes  Structural  Nucleic Acids  DNA and RNA

Carbohydrates  Used for energy and structure  Monomer  Monosaccharides  one carbon ring  Disaccharides  two carbon rings  All are sugars used for energy  NOTE: most sugars end in -ose

Carbohydrates  Polysaccharides  Three or more carbon rings  Often in branches or chains  Starch  Glucose storage in plants  Glycogen  Glucose storage in animals  Cellulose  Structure and support in plant cell walls, stems, branches

Lipids Used for  Energy storage, structure and hormones  Monomers:  3 Fatty acids + Glycerol  Other (varies)  Insoluble in water  nonpolar

Lipids  Fats  saturated  Only single bonds in fatty acid  Oils  unsaturated fats  Double bonds in fatty acids  Both are long term energy storage

Lipids: Phospholipids  Primary component of cell membranes  2 fatty acids, glycerol and a phosphate group  Phosphate ‘head’ is polar, fatty acid ‘tails’ are nonpolar

Phospholipids in Water  Forms a phospholipid bilayer  Polar heads towards water (hydrophilic) and nonpolar tails away from water (hydrophobic)

Proteins  Used for  Structure  Primary building blocks of organisms  Enzymes  regulate chemical reactions  Monomer  Amino acid  carboxyl group, amino group, R group – variable  Determines type of amino acid - 20

INSULIN Hemoglobin: transports oxygen in blood Insulin: regulates glucose in blood Myocin and actin: muscle fibers

Common Proteins  Keratin: hair and nails  Collagen: support organs, plumps skin Keratin

Proteins: Enzymes  Enzymes:  Catalyst for chemical reactions How it works:  Denaturation  Temperature and pH can alter the shape of an enzyme causing it not to work

Nucleic Acids  Used for:  Genetic material  DNA – deoxyribonucleic acid  Information carriers and to control protein synthesis  RNA – ribonucleic acid  Monomer  Nucleotides - phosphate group, nitrogen containing base and a pentose sugar

Nucleic Acids: DNA and RNA RNA DNA NUCLEOTIDE

Nucleic Acids: DNA and RNA DNARNA FULL NAMEDeoxyribonucleic acidRibonucleic acid BASIC STRUCTURE 2 long twisting strands of nucleotides in the form of a "double helix" 1 single strand of nucleotides NUCLEOTIDE SUGAR DeoxyriboseRibose NITROGENOUS BASES guanine (G) cytosine (C) adenine (A) thymine (T) guanine (G) cytosine (C) adenine (A) uracil (U) LOCATION IN A CELL nucleus (the chromosomes) nucleus, in the cytoplasm, & at the ribosomes FUNCTION the hereditary material of a cell, directs & controls cell activities involved in protein synthesis

MacromoleculesMonomerFunction and Examples Carbohydrate Monosaccharide or simple sugar Glucose: Energy Sucrose: Energy Starch: Plant Energy storage Glycogen: Animal Energy storage Cellulose: Plant Cell walls Lipid Gylcerol and 3 fatty acids Fat: Long term Energy storage Oils: Long term Energy storage Phospholipids: membranes Protein Amino acidsProteins: Structure Collagen: skin, internal support Hemoglobin: carries O2 in blood Keratin: hair and nails Actin and myosin: muscle Protein: Enzyme Insulin: regulates glucose in blood Nucleic acid NucleotidesDNA: genetic material RNA: protein synthesis Molecules gone wild – video molecules gone wild ppt crash course