BACTERIA
BACTERIA GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS Prokaryotic/Unicellular Most ancient Kingdom (once called Monera) Autotrophic (photosynthetic or chemosynthetic)\ (ex: cyanobacteria are blue green for photosynthesis) Heterotrophic (most—saprobes or parasites) Found almost anywhere (air, water, soil)
KINGDOM MONERA STRUCTURE Have very few organelles Consist of a cell membrane, cell wall, cytoplasm, ribosomes, genetic material, and a flagellum Genetic material is DNA or RNA Flagellum is used for movement
Kingdom Archaebacteria -- Live in extreme environments Methanogens—produce methane gas(marshes,lakes, & digestive tracts) Live in water with high concentrations of salt Hot acidic water of springs
Prokaryotes that live in more hospitable places (almost anywhere) True Bacteria Examples: E. coli, Salmonella, Listeria
-Bacillus-rod (oblong) Coccus- round Spirallus-spira Diplo: pairs Staphylo:clusters Strepto: chains
FAVORABLE CONDITIONS FOR GROWTH Moisture A certain temperature range Oxygen or no oxygen Must have a food supply Must have the ability to remove waste
REPRODUCTION REPRODUCTION Very rapid-some can multiply from 1 to 600,000 in 4hrs Methods of Reproduction Binary fission- -asexual:cells divide in half and produce 2 identical cells Conjugation- -sexual: bacteria line up side by side and exchange genetic material -Endospores -dormant spores that survive until favorable conditions are met and then split and bacteria reproduce rapidly
BENEFITS OF BACTERIA Make food (cheese, yogurt, sauerkraut, soy sauce) Fermentation Medicine (antibiotics) Decomposers (saprophytes) Recycle Nitrogen and Sulfur (nitrogen fixation) Humans rely on them for digestion and to produce vitamins
Harmful Effects of Bacteria: –Parasitic –Destroy food –Pathogens-cause disease
TRANSMISSION OF DISEASE Airborne Sexual contact Water Contaminated foods Direct contact with vectors-organisms that carry disease (fleas & ticks)
BACTERIAL DISEASES Tuberculosis, strep, food poisoning Scarlet Fever Lyme Disease Leprosy Bubonic Plague Tetanus Cholera Menigitis Pneumonia Syphilis
CONTROLLING BACTERIAL DISEASE Sanitation and hygiene Pasteurization -heating to kill the bacteria Cooling-refrigerators Vaccinations Antibiotics Properly cook food and boil water Avoid contact with vectors (Black Plague was carried by fleas and it killed ½ of the population)