Old English Timeline 2500 BC Indo Europeans 500 BC- Celts 43 AD- Romans in Romans out 449- Germanic tribes (Jutes, Angles, Saxons, Frisians) 787- Viking raids Norman (French) invasion

Indo-European Roots Kurgan Theory Origins 7000 BC Migration 4000 to 1000 BC Arriving to British Isles 2500 BC

Celtic Peoples Arrive Formed in Central Europe 1200 BC Hallstatt territory Arrive in Britain 500 BC Develop into 27 different tribes

Here Come the Romans 55 BC Julius Ceasar attempts and fails 43 AD Emperor Claudius successful 30 yrs to conquer entire island 122 AD Hadrian’s Wall built

And there they go… Honorius says “Look to your own defenses” 410- Roman influence officially over

History of English Old English (OE) (Germanic tribes arrive in Britain from the European mainland, overtaking the native British (Celtic) population) Middle English (ME) (Norman invasion, literary language evolves, standards begin to develop) Early Modern English (EME) (Renaissance stimulates further growth, first dictionaries and grammars written) Late Modern English (LME) 1800-Present (Industrial and scientific revolutions, globalization of language)

History of English

Latin Influence on Old English LATIN INFLUENCE Vocabulary Writing System

Old English Alphabet 24 characters Modern j spelled with yogh, v spelled with an F—q,x,z very rarely used The alternate forms of g and w (yogh and wynn/wen respectively) were based on the letters used at the time of writing Old English. Today they can be substituted for g and w in modern writing of Old English.

Viking Invasion 8th Century

4 Dads OLD ENGLISH CelticLatin Germanic Origins Norse