Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova Conceptual challenges and computational progress in X-ray simulation Maria Grazia Pia INFN Genova, Italy Maria Grazia Pia.

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Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova Conceptual challenges and computational progress in X-ray simulation Maria Grazia Pia INFN Genova, Italy Maria Grazia Pia 1, Mauro Augelli 2, Marcia Begalli 3, Chan-Hyeung Kim 4, Lina Quintieri 5, Paolo Saracco 1, Hee Seo 4, Manju Sudhakar 1, Georg Weidenspointner 6, Andreas Zoglauer 7 1 INFN Sezione di Genova, Italy – 2 CNES, France 3 State University Rio de Janeiro, Brazil – 4 Hanyang University, Korea – 5 INFN Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Italy – 6 MPE and MPI Halbleiterlabor, Germany – 7 University of California at Berkeley, USA SNA + MC 2010 Joint International Conference on Supercomputing in Nuclear Applications + Monte Carlo 2010

Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova X-ray simulation Relevant to various experimental domains Material analysis Astrophysics and planetary science Precision dosimetry etc. General purpose Monte Carlo codes regard this domain with different priorities Significant effort invested by Geant4 into this domain since the late 90s Ongoing activity by the original group that created Geant4 low energy electromagnetic physics Motivated by concrete experimental requirements Collaborative common effort with the experimental community Modeling + assessment of validity and accuracy

Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova 36 pages 12 pages 9 pages 10 pages + further ongoing activity and results

Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova Geant4 X-ray fluorescence Data-driven Based on EADL (Evaluated Atomic Data Library) Producing processes: photoionisation electron impact ionisation Geant4 X-ray fluorescence simulation is as good as EADL (it can be worse…) How good is EADL?

Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova How good is EADL? Limited evidence of EADL validation in the literature Ongoing effort to evaluate EADL accuracy quantitatively to evaluate alternative data sources to identify more accurate calculation methods By comparing subshell parameters from a number of different sources, it can be seen that there is still a disagreement of about 1%. […] The K and L shell radiative rates from Scofields calculations are accurate to about 10%. For outer subshells with transitions under 100 eV, inaccuracies of 30% would not be surprising. S. T. Perkin, et al.,Tables and Graphs of Atomic Subshell and Relaxation Data Derived from the LLNL Evaluated Atomic Data Library (EADL), Z = 1-100, UCRL-50400, Vol. 30, LLNL (1991)

Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova First evaluation of EADL binding energies DesLattes et al. (2003) Goodness-of-fit test K, L transition energies K shell L 3 subshell 1% -1%

Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova All what glitters is not gold KL 2 transition Full set of results in a forthcoming publication

Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova EADL radiative transition probabilities Calculations based on Hartree-Slater method by Scofield Calculations based on Hartree-Fock method Stronger theoretical background Some tabulations by Scofield are available in the literature Limited and controversial documentation of their accuracy Rests on indirect measurements in most cases (X-ray yields) Mainly qualitative appraisal Validation Validation of both calculations w.r.t. experimental data Salems bibliographical collection of experimental data K and L transitions Experimental data span several decades Data quality is largely variable Original experimental data retrieved from the literature

Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova Radiative transition probabilities KL 2 L 3 N 4,5 One can draw sound conclusions only based on rigorous statistical analysis Prior (blind) evaluation of experimental data Outliers, inconsistent measurements

Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova Data analysis GoF tests of individual transition data 2, when experimental errors are known Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Anderson-Darling, Cramer- von Mises tests Contingency table to evaluate the significance of Hartree-Slater/Hartree-Fock different accuracy Fishers exact test, 2 test with Yates continuity correction Distinct analyses to evaluate systematic Excluding/including reference transitions Data with/without experimental errors Subject to comparison with experimental data Hartree-Slater calculations Hartree-Fock calculations EADL (nominally the same as Hartree-Slater calculations)

Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova Results: radiative transition probabilities Contingency tables Hartree-Fock method produces significantly more accurate results

Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova Foreseen activities What is the experimental impact of EADLs inaccuracy? Evaluations in concrete experimental use cases Can we do better? Improving EADL is far from trivial Are Hartree-Fock transition probabilities available for all transitions? Does it make any sense to mix Hartree-Slater and Hartree-Fock values? How do non-radiative transition probabilities affect the overall accuracy? Are alternative binding energy compilations adequate? Unresolved lines Collaborative common effort in the Monte Carlo and experimental community would contribute to better X-ray simulation tools

Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova PIXE (Particle Induced X-ray Emission) Long-standing effort dating back to ~10 years ago to introduce PIXE simulation capabilities in a general purpose Monte Carlo system (Geant4) PIXE: protons, particles Experimental applications of IBA for elemental composition analysis Similar process: electron impact ionisation Conceptual similarities Coupling processes subject to different transport schemes in conventional Monte Carlo systems Ionisation: condensed(+discrete) transport scheme Atomic relaxation: discrete process Different practical constraints Status of ionisation cross sections calculation is more advanced for electrons than for heavier particles

Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova Part is bigger than whole -ray production cross section in Geant4 Cross section for ionizing inner shells Si

Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova Mishaps of Geant4 PIXE… Gryzinski implementations Paul & Sacher K shell ionisation, Au 1 st development cycle Si Cu Cd Au Correctly implemented empirical (Paul&Bolik) cross sections for incorrectly documented as Paul&Sacher cross sections for p Several drawbacks several flaws documented in Pia et al., TNS 56(6), , 2003 (and more…) Released in Geant4 9.2 PIXE simulation is a challenge indeed! New low energy groups development

Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova 2 nd development cycle critical Triggered by critical experimental requirements

Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova The beast Critical evaluation of conceptual challenges of PIXE simulation Wide collection of ionisation cross section models Validation and comparative evaluation of theoretical and empirical cross sections Final state generator (using Geant4 atomic relaxation) Verification tests Concrete experimental application

Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova Implemented models

Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova PIXE – ionization cross sections Experimental collections for validation Paul & Sacher Orlic et al. Sokhi and Crumpton L1L1 W C K Small set of experimental data for high energy PIXE validation

Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova Cross section analysis Goodness of fit tests to estimate compatibility with experimental data quantitatively

Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova Individual model evaluation Fraction of test cases where compatibility with experimental data has been established at a given confidence level

Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova Comparative evaluation of models Categorical analysis based on contingency tables at higher energies plain ECPSSR model, Paul and Sacher model up to ~10 MeV ECPSSR model with Hartree-Slater correction K shell ECPSSR model with united atom approximation L shell

Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova X-ray generator Once a vacancy has been generated, Geant4 atomic relaxation is responsible for the generation of secondary X-rays (and Auger electrons) K L M X-ray generation from Cu Atomic relaxation is independent from the process which generated the vacancy Results: as good as EADL (as bad as EADL)

Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova eROSITA PIXE application Software applied to a real-life problem Wafer including 4 eROSITA PNCCDs Cu Cu + Al Cu + Al + B 4 C Detectors sensitive to keV Is a graded shield Cu-Al-B 4 C really necessary? Constraints for a satellite: background noise very limited telemetry manufacturing effort mass limits Astronomical X-ray full-sky survey mission eROSITA on-board the Spectrum-X-Gamma space mission launch planned for end of 2012 Courtesy R. Andritschke, MPI-MPE Halbleiterlabor

Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova Conclusions Significant effort devoted to X-ray simulation in Geant4 Developments Atomic relaxation PIXE Electron impact ionisation Validation w.r.t. experimental data EADL Cross sections Experimental applications Fruitful collaboration with experimental community Motivation and feedback Ongoing activities… Monte Carlo 2015!